[原创] 美国马塞诸塞州宪法翻译(草稿)

WIND

1,相对于美联邦宪法,各州宪法则更少的进入中文的视野;
2,不过我认为比联邦政治制度更为基础和重要的是各州的政治制度;
3,所以,试着来翻译一下马塞诸塞州的宪法,不包括修正案.

WIND

PREAMBLE
Part I. A DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE INHABITANTS
Part II. THE FRAME OF GOVERNMENT
Chapter I. THE LEGISLATIVE POWER.
  Section I. The General Court.
  Section II. The Senate.
  Section III. House of Representatives.
Chapter II. EXECUTIVE POWER.
  Section I. The Governor.
  Section II. Lieutenant-Governor.
  Section III. Council, and the Manner of settling Elections by the Legislature.
  Section IV. Secretary, Treasurer, Commissary, etc.
Chapter III. JUDICIARY POWER.
Chapter IV. DELEGATES TO CONGRESS.
Chapter V. THE UNIVERSITY AT CAMBRIDGE, AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERATURE, ETC.
  Section I. The University.
  Section II. The Encouragement of Literature, etc.
Chapter VI. OATHS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS; INCOMPATIBILITY OF AND EXCLUSION FROM OFFICES; PECUNIARY QUALIFICATIONS;
           COMMISSIONS; WRITS; CONFIRMATION OF LAWS; HABEAS CORPUS; THE ENACTING STYLE; CONTINUANCE OF OFFICERS;
           PROVISION FOR A FUTURE REVISAL OF THE CONSTITUTION, ETC.
Part III. AMENDMENTS

总体结构：
前言
第一部分：居民权利宣言
第二部分：政府框架
  第一章：立法权力
  第二章：执行权力
  第三章：司法权力
  第四章：派遣代表去国会
  第五章：剑桥大学（哈佛大学），等等
  第六章：誓词，等等
第三部分：修正案

WIND

马塞诸塞州宪法诞生于1779年，1780得到议会批准，是最早的成文宪法。约翰·亚当斯是起草者之一。亚当斯愤愤不平的时候，说：人们只知道华盛顿和杰斐森，却忘记了我。（HBO的电视剧《约翰·亚当斯》有这样的情节）其实亚当斯并不是一个平庸的人。美联邦的奠基之父，7位：弗兰克林，华盛顿，亚当斯，杰斐森，杰伊，麦迪森，汉密尔顿。

showcraft

亚当斯对杰弗逊尤其贬低，认为他不过是一个起草者，在独立宣言讨论时，他不过是在角落边默默一人。

WIND

亚当斯对杰弗逊尤其贬低，认为他不过是一个起草者，在独立宣言讨论时，他不过是在角落边默默一人。
showcraft 发表于 2010-8-20 16:59

亚当斯和杰斐森的关系，早年是亲密的朋友，后来友谊破裂，晚年和解，在同一天（独立日）离世。亚当斯的朋友说得好，他对亚当斯说：你们两个是美国自由的两极。

WIND

PREAMBLE.
前言

The end of the institution, maintenance, and administration of government, is to secure the existence of the body politic, to protect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose it with the power of enjoying in safety and tranquillity their natural rights, and the blessings of life: and whenever these great objects are not obtained, the people have a right to alter the government, and to take measures necessary for their safety, prosperity and happiness.
政府创建，维持和管理的目标，是保障政治共同体的存在，保护它，并为组成共同体的个人提供权力，以使他们能够安全宁静的享受他们的自然权利和生命的赐福：无论何时，如果这些主要的目标无法获得，国民便拥有更换政府的权利，并为他们的安全，繁荣和幸福采取必要的手段。

WIND

The body politic is formed by a voluntary association of individuals: it is a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good. It is the duty of the people, therefore, in framing a constitution of government, to provide for an equitable mode of making laws, as well as for an impartial interpretation, and a faithful execution of them; that every man may, at all times, find his security in them.

政治共同体是由个人自愿结合而形成的：它是一种社会契约，据此，整体与每个公民彼此约定，即为了共同利益，所有人均由确定的法律统治。所以，国民有责任构建一部政府宪法，以规定一种公正的制定法律，公正的解释法律，以及忠实的执行法律的模式；无论何时，每个人都可以在法律中找到对他的安全保障。

WIND

We, therefore, the people of Massachusetts, acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the great Legislator of the universe, in affording us, in the course of His providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence or surprise, of entering into an original, explicit, and solemn compact with each other; and of forming a new constitution of civil government, for ourselves and posterity; and devoutly imploring His direction in so interesting a design, do agree upon, ordain and establish the following Declaration of Rights, and Frame of Government, as the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
所以，我们这些马塞诸塞的公民，以感恩的心承认宇宙伟大立法者的善意，在祂的全能的眷顾当中，提供给了我们这样一个机会，让我们审慎的和平的，毫无欺诈暴力或惊诧的，彼此订立一份初始的，明确的，庄严的契约；一个为我们及我们的后代制定一部新的世俗政府的宪法的机会；在如此引人关注的计划当中，虔诚的恳求祂的引导，我们彼此同意，规定并确立如下的“权利宣言”，“政府框架”，作为“马塞诸塞共同体宪法”。

WIND

PART THE FIRST
A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
第一部分 居民权利宣言

Article I. All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness. [Annulled by Amendments, Art. CVI.]
[All people are born free and equal and have certain natural, essential and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness. Equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex, race, color, creed or national origin.]
第I条[修正后] 所有人生而自由平等，拥有某些自然的，基本的和不可剥夺的权利；其中包括享受和捍卫他们生命与自由的权利；获取，拥有和保护财产的权利；最后，追求和获得他们安全与幸福的权利。法律下权利平等，不得因为性别，种族，肤色，宗教信条或国家出身而遭受否定或缩减。

WIND

Article II. It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, publicly, and at stated seasons to worship the Supreme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; or for his religious profession or sentiments; provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship. [See Amendments, Arts. XLVI and XLVIII.]

第II条 社会中所有的人既有权利也有责任，公开的，在确定的时间内敬拜最高的存在，宇宙的伟大造物主和保护神。任何人不得因以最符合他自己的道德心所指示的方式和时间敬拜上帝而遭受人身，自由或财产上的伤害，干扰或限制；也不得因为宗教信仰告白或宗教情感而遭受上述侵害；只要他没有扰乱公共和平或妨碍其他人的宗教敬拜活动。

WIND

Article III. [As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of civil government, essentially depend upon piety, religion and morality; and as these cannot be generally diffused through a community, but by the institution of the public worship of God, and of public instructions in piety, religion and morality: Therefore, to promote their happiness and to secure the good order and preservation of their government, the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require, and the legislature shall, from time to time, authorize and require, the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the institution of the public worship of God, and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily.
And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to, and do, invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid, at stated times and seasons, if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend.
Provided, notwithstanding, that the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies politic, or religious societies, shall, at all times, have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance.
And all moneys paid by the subject to the support of public worship, and of the public teachers aforesaid, shall, if he require it, be uniformly applied to the support of the public teacher or teachers of his own religious sect or denomination, provided there be any on whose instructions he attends; otherwise it may be paid towards the support of the teacher or teachers of the parish or precinct in which the said moneys are raised.
Any every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good subjects of the commonwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the law: and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law.] [Art. XI of the Amendments substituted for this].
[As the public worship of God and instructions in piety, religion and morality, promote the happiness and prosperity of a people and the security of a republican government; -- therefore, the several religious societies of this commonwealth, whether corporate or unincorporate, at any meeting legally warned and holden for that purpose, shall ever have the right to elect their pastors or religious teachers, to contract with them for their support, to raise money for erecting and repairing houses for public worship, for the maintenance of religious instruction, and for the payment of necessary expenses: and all persons belonging to any religious society shall be taken and held to be members, until they shall file with the clerk of such society, a written notice, declaring the dissolution of their membership, and thenceforth shall not be liable for any grant or contract which may be thereafter made, or entered into by such society: -- and all religious sects and denominations, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good citizens of the commonwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the law; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law.]
(待译)

WIND

Article IV. The people of this commonwealth have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves, as a free, sovereign, and independent state; and do, and forever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not, or may not hereafter, be by them expressly delegated to the United States of America in Congress assembled.
第IV条 本共同体作为一个自由的，有自我统治权力的，独立的州，其公民拥有唯一的与独占的统治他们自己的权利；从此和永远应当行使和享有每一种权力，司法权和权利，由他们派遣代表在国会中明确授权给联邦政府的除外。

Article V. All power residing originally in the people, and being derived from them, the several magistrates and officers of government, vested with authority, whether legislative, executive, or judicial, are their substitutes and agents, and are at all times accountable to them.
第V条 既然所有的权力最初都存在于公民手中，都来源于他们，所以被授予管理权力的政府管理者和官员，无论是立法，执行还是司法权力，均为他们的代理人，需随时向他们报告。

WIND

Article VI. No man, nor corporation, or association of men, have any other title to obtain advantages, or particular and exclusive privileges, distinct from those of the community, than what arises from the consideration of services rendered to the public; and this title being in nature neither hereditary, nor transmissible to children, or descendants, or relations by blood, the idea of a man born a magistrate, lawgiver, or judge, is absurd and unnatural.
第VI条 任何人，公司或社团，除了为服务于公众考虑所产生的公职之外，不得有其它的头衔以获得区别于共同体其他人的利益或特殊且独占的权利；而且，此种公职就其本身来说既不能继承，也不能转继给孩子或其后代或其血亲，生来就是管理者，法律制定者或法官的观念是荒谬并且违背自然的。

Article VII. Government is instituted for the common good; for the protection, safety, prosperity and happiness of the people; and not for the profit, honor, or private interest of any one man, family, or class of men: Therefore the people alone have an incontestable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to institute government; and to reform, alter, or totally change the same, when their protection, safety, prosperity and happiness require it.
第VII条 政府建立的目的是为了共同利益；是为了公民的保护，安全，繁荣与幸福；而不是为了任何一个人，家庭或阶层的利益，荣誉或私人利益：所以，创建政府是只属共同体的公民的无可争辩的，不可剥夺的和不可废除的权利；当出于保护，安全，繁荣和幸福的需要，他们亦有权利改革，更换或完全改变之。

WIND

Article VIII. In order to prevent those, who are vested with authority, from becoming oppressors, the people have a right, at such periods and in such manner as they shall establish by their frame of government, to cause their public officers to return to private life; and to fill up vacant places by certain and regular elections and appointments.
第VIII条 为阻止那些被授予权力的人变为压迫者，公民拥有权利，在这样的时期以宪法所确定的方式促使他们的官员回归私人生活；以及通过确定和有序的选举和任命填补空缺的职位。

Article IX. All elections ought to be free; and all the inhabitants of this commonwealth, having such qualifications as they shall establish by their frame of government, have an equal right to elect officers, and to be elected, for public employments. [See Amendments, Arts. XLV and XLVIII, The Initiative, sec. 2.] [For compulsory voting, see Amendments, Art. LXI.] [For use of voting machines at elections, see Amendments, Art. XXXVIII.] [For absent voting, see Amendments, Art. LXXVI.]
第IX条 所有的选举都应当是自由的；共同体所有具备宪法所规定资格的居民均拥有相等的权利，选举官员或参加竞选。

WIND

Article X. Each individual of the society has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property, according to standing laws. He is obliged, consequently, to contribute his share to the expense of this protection; to give his personal service, or an equivalent, when necessary: but no part of the property of any individual can, with justice, be taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own consent, or that of the representative body of the people. In fine, the people of this commonwealth are not controllable by any other laws than those to which their constitutional representative body have given their consent. And whenever the public exigencies require that the property of any individual should be appropriated to public uses, he shall receive a reasonable compensation therefor. [See Amendments, Arts. XXXIX, XLIII, XLVII, XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2, XLIX, L, LI and XCVII.]

第X条 社会的每个个体在享受生命，自由和财产的过程中，均有得到社会依据恒定的法律保护的权利。必然的，他必须支付一定的财产以换取此种保护；必要的话，必须付出他的个人服务或支付等价物：但是，未经他自己的同意或公民代表议会的同意，任何个人的任何财产均不得拿走或取为公用。最后，除依据宪法所建立起来的代表议会所制定的法律，共同体的公民不得再受其它法律的控制。无论何时，公共紧急需要所取为公用的个人财产，他应当因此而得到合理的补偿。

WIND

Article XI. Every subject of the commonwealth ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character. He ought to obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it; completely, and without any denial; promptly, and without delay; conformably to the laws.
第XI条 共同体的每个公民，对于他在人身，财产或名誉上可能遭受到的伤害或不公正，通过诉诸法律应当找到确定的矫正方法。他应当免费的获得权利和正义而无须为此付费；完全的未遭拒绝的；迅速的未遭拖延的；符合法律的。

WIND

Article XII. No subject shall be held to answer for any crimes or offence, until the same is fully and plainly, substantially and formally, described to him; or be compelled to accuse, or furnish evidence against himself. And every subject shall have a right to produce all proofs, that may be favorable to him; to meet the witnesses against him face to face, and to be fully heard in his defence by himself, or his council at his election. And no subject shall be arrested, imprisoned, despoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities, or privileges, put out of the protection of the law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or estate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land.
第XII条 任何公民不得被挟持回答任何罪行或侵犯的讯问，除非对他的指控理由充分清晰，本质上合乎法律规定的形式；不得被强迫指控或提供证据反对他自己。每个公民均有权利提出有利于自己的证据；有权利与反对他的证人会面，他自己或他所选择的律师的辩护应当得到充分的倾听。除依据与他同等状况的人的审判或共同体的法律，任何人不得被逮捕，监禁，他的财产，豁免权或权利不得被剥夺，他的生命，自由或财产不得置于法律保护之外，遭到驱逐或遭到剥夺。

And the legislature shall not make any law, that shall subject any person to a capital or infamous punishment, excepting for the government of the army and navy, without trial by jury. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2.]
立法机构不得制定法律，以使任何人未经审判团审判而遭受死刑或不名誉的惩罚，陆海军中的管理除外。

WIND

Article XIII. In criminal prosecutions, the verification of facts in the vicinity where they happen, is one of the greatest securities of the life, liberty, and property of the citizen.
第XIII条 (这一条没看懂)

Article XIV. Every subject has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches, and seizures, of his person, his houses, his papers, and all his possessions. All warrants, therefore, are contrary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously supported by oath or affirmation; and if the order in the warrant to a civil officer, to make search in suspected places, or to arrest one or more suspected persons, or to seize their property, be not accompanied with a special designation of the persons or objects of search, arrest, or seizure: and no warrant ought to be issued but in cases, and with the formalities prescribed by the laws. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2].
第XIV条 每个公民均有权利使其人身，住宅，文档，及所有的财产免于无理的搜查，扣押。所以，搜查或扣押授权（warrant）的理由或根据若没有事先得到誓言或代誓宣言的支持，是侵犯此种权利的；授权中给与世俗政府官员的命令，对嫌疑处所的搜查，或对嫌疑人的逮捕，或对他们财产的扣押，若没有特别指定搜查，逮捕或扣押的人员或目标：除依法律规定的情况外，此种授权令不得签发。

Article XV. In all controversies concerning property, and in all suits between two or more persons, except in cases in which it has heretofore been otherways used and practiced, the parties have a right to a trial by jury; and this method of procedure shall be held sacred, unless, in causes arising on the high seas, and such as relate to mariners' wages, the legislature shall hereafter find it necessary to alter it. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2].
第XV条 所有有关财产的争议，以及所有两人或多人之间的诉讼，除迄今已经以其它的方式解决外，当事人均有获得审判团审判的权利；此种诉讼程序应当视为神圣不可侵犯，发生在公海上的和诸如水手薪水的案件除外，立法机构将来在必要的时候可以改变之。

Article XVI. [The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a state: it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this commonwealth.] [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2.] [Annulled and superseded by Amendments, Art. LXXVII.]
[The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a state: it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this commonwealth. The right of free speech shall not be abridged.]
第XVI条[修正后] 一个国家中的出版自由是保障自由的根本：所以，本共同体中的出版自由不得限制。言论自由不得缩减。

Article XVII. The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence. And as, in time of peace, armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority, and be governed by it.
第XVII条 为共同的防御，公民拥有保留和携带武器的权利。和平时期，因为军队是自由的威胁，所以若没有立法机构的同意便不应当维持；军事力量必须确保从属于世俗权力并受其统治。

夏加坤

Article XIII. In criminal prosecutions, the verification of facts in the vicinity where they happen, is one of the greatest securities of the life, liberty, and property of the citizen.
刑事检控的时候，在事发地附近核查事实，是对公民的生命、自由、和财产安全最大的一项保障。

WIND

Article XIII. In criminal prosecutions, the verification of facts in the vicinity where they happen, is one of the greatest securities of the life, liberty, and property of the citizen.
刑事检控的时候 ...
夏加坤 发表于 2010-8-25 20:39

这个意思我能理解；不过这句话说的是“生命自由和财产最主要的保障之一”，整句的意思我又不能理解了，哪条原则如此重要？或者说：“刑事检控的时候，在事发地附近核查事实”的原则为什么会如此重要？

WIND

Article XVIII. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of the constitution, and a constant adherence to those of piety, justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the advantages of liberty, and to maintain a free government. The people ought, consequently, to have a particular attention to all those principles, in the choice of their officers and representatives: and they have a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates, an exact and constant observance of them, in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of the commonwealth.

第XVIII条 时常回到宪法的基本原则，始终如一的坚持那些虔诚，正义，温和，节制，勤勉，节俭的原则，对于保存自由的益处和维持一个自由的政府是绝对必要的。因此，公民在选举他们的官员和代表的时候，应当对如上原则予以特别的关注：他们有权利要求他们的法律制定者和管理者为共同体的良好管理而制定和执行必要的法律的时候，确切的始终如一的遵守这些原则。

WIND

Article XIX. The people have a right, in an orderly and peaceable manner, to assemble to consult upon the common good; to give instructions to their representatives, and to request of the legislative body, by the way of addresses, petitions, or remonstrances, redress of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances they suffer. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2.]
第XIX条 公民有权利以有序和和平的方式，集会商议共同利益；有权利给与其代表指示，也有权利通过演讲，请愿或抗议的途径要求立法机构纠正他们所遭受的伤害和不公正。
Article XX. The power of suspending the laws, or the execution of the laws, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall expressly provide for. [See Amendments, Arts. XLVIII, I, Definition and LXXXIX.]
第XX条 中止或生效法律的权力，只能由立法机构或其授权的代理机构行使，代理机构行使的时候需得到立法机构的明确授权。
Article XXI. The freedom of deliberation, speech and debate, in either house of the legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2.]
第XXI条 立法机构之任一院中商讨，言说和辩论的自由，对公民的权利是如此的重要，因此，在任何其它法庭或场所，议员的言论不得作为谴责，指控，诉讼或抱怨的根据。
Article XXII. The legislature ought frequently to assemble for the redress of grievances, for correcting, strengthening and confirming the laws, and for making new laws, as the common good may require.
第XXII条 立法机构应当经常集会以矫正不公正，修正，加强和确认法律，以及视共同利益所需而制定新的法律。
Article XXIII. No subsidy, charge, tax, impost, or duties, ought to be established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of the people or their representatives in the legislature.
第XXIII条 未经公民或他们在立法机构中的代表的同意，无论以何种借口，均不得建立，确定，设立或征收任何援助，摊派，税收，关税或责任。

李苗

顶一个。
楼主适合做翻译======

WIND

Article XXIV. Laws made to punish for actions done before the existence of such laws, and which have not been declared crimes by preceding laws, are unjust, oppressive, and inconsistent with the fundamental principles of a free government.
第XXIV条 制定法律以惩罚此法律存在之前的行为，以及惩罚并未被之前的法律宣布为有罪的行为，是不公正的，压迫性的，并与自由政府的基本原则相违背。
Article XXV. No subject ought, in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty of treason or felony by the legislature.
第XXV条 无论何时，无论何种情况，任何公民都不得被立法机构宣布为叛国罪或重罪。
Article XXVI. No magistrate or court of law, shall demand excessive bail or sureties, impose excessive fines, or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2, and CXVI.]
第XXVI条 任何管理者或法庭，不得要求过分的保释金或担保人，不得征收过多的罚金，不得施加残酷或不寻常的惩罚。

WIND

Article XXVII. In time of peace, no soldier ought to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; and in time of war, such quarters ought not to be made but by the civil magistrate, in a manner ordained by the legislature.
第XXVII条 和平时期，未经房主的同意，士兵不得驻扎；战争时期，除由世俗管理者依立法机构所规定的方式，也不得如此。

Article XXVIII. No person can in any case be subject to law-martial, or to any penalties or pains, by virtue of that law, except those employed in the army or navy, and except the militia in actual service, but by authority of the legislature. [See Amendments, Art. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2.]
第XXVIII条 无论何种情况，除依立法机构的权力，不得要求任何人服从军事法律（law-martial）的管制，或遭受此种法律所施加的任何惩罚或痛苦，陆海军人和处于实际服务中的民兵除外。

Article XXIX. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every individual, his life, liberty, property, and character, that there be an impartial interpretation of the laws, and administration of justice. It is the right of every citizen to be tried by judges as free, impartial and independent as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, therefore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the rights of the people, and of every citizen, that the judges of the supreme judicial court should hold their offices as long as they behave themselves well; and that they should have honorable salaries ascertained and established by standing laws. [See Amendments, Arts. XLVIII, The Initiative, II, sec. 2, and The Referendum, III, sec. 2, LXVIII and XCVIII.]
第XXIX条 公正的解释法律和公正的管理，对保护每个人的生命，自由，财产及名誉是至为重要的。每个公民有权利得到法官自由，公正和独立于大众舆论影响的审判。所以，最高司法法庭的法官只要能良好的履行其职责便应当继续任职，这不仅是最好的政策，也是为了保障每个公民的权利；他们应当拥有依恒定的法律所确认和建立起来的体面的薪水。

Article XXX. In the government of this commonwealth, the legislative department shall never exercise the executive and judicial powers, or either of them: the executive shall never exercise the legislative and judicial powers, or either of them: the judicial shall never exercise the legislative and executive powers, or either of them: to the end it may be a government of laws and not of men.
第XXX条 在本共同体的政府之中，立法权力分支永不得行使执行权力和司法权力，或其中任何一种：执行权力永不得行使立法权力和司法权力，或其中任何一种：司法权力永不得行使立法权力和执行权力，或其中任何一种：为此目的它应当成为法治政府而非人治政府。

夏加坤

这个意思我能理解；不过这句话说的是“生命自由和财产最主要的保障之一”，整句的意思我又不能理解了，哪条原则如此重要？或者说：“刑事检控的时候，在事发地附近核查事实”的原则为什么会如此重要？WIND 发表于 2010-8-26 08:11

在事发地附近核查事实，为什么会这么重要？
法学家的事情，与我无关，哈哈。反正是这个意思。

kemingqian

这个意思我能理解；不过这句话说的是“生命自由和财产最主要的保障之一”，整句的意思我又不能理解了，哪条原则如此重要？或者说：“刑事检控的时候，在事发地附近核查事实”的原则为什么会如此重要？
WIND 发表于 2010-8-26 08:11

如果不去事发地核查、取证会怎么样？

zoufeng_1234

这个意思我能理解；不过这句话说的是“生命自由和财产最主要的保障之一”，整句的意思我又不能理解了，哪条原则如此重要？或者说：“刑事检控的时候，在事发地附近核查事实”的原则为什么会如此重要？
WIND 发表于 2010-8-26 08:11

这里就是强调在刑事案件中物证人证的重要性，不能光凭控方某个证人的证词，或者辩方的口供就定罪，避免由于诬陷，伪证，逼供造成的冤案。

比如A指控B在某处杀人，B也承认了杀人，但是A的证词和B供述的杀人细节必须经过实地调查对比，如果发现证词口供和事发地的实际情况不符合，那就意味着这个案子有更大的隐情。盲目定罪就可能有问题，有可能侵害了一些人的“生命自由和财产”。

WIND

这里就是强调在刑事案件中物证人证的重要性，不能光凭控方某个证人的证词，或者辩方的口供就定罪，避免由于诬陷，伪证，逼供造成的冤案。

比如A指控B在某处杀人，B也承认了杀人，但是A的证词和B供述的杀人细节 ...
zoufeng_1234 发表于 2010-8-26 22:23

能够理解了一些。主要是这一条以前没见过，过于陌生了。

WIND

Article III. [As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of civil government, essentially depend upon piety, religion and morality; and as these cannot be generally diffused thr ...
WIND 发表于 2010-8-23 16:51

翻译：
第III条[修正后] 因为公共敬拜上帝和虔诚的教导，宗教信仰和道德，将促进共同体的幸福与繁荣及确保共和制政府；——所以，本共同体的若干宗教社团，无论是否登记为法人，为此目的举行任何合法的聚会，均有权利选举他们的牧师或宗教教导者（religious teacher），与他们订立契约以获得他们的支持，筹集资金以建造并维修公共敬拜的场所，维持宗教教导及支付必要的花费：属于任何宗教社团的所有人应当成为此社团成员，除非他们与此社团的神职人员签订书面的成员关系解除文件，从此不再加入：——所有的宗教派别，表现为和平，并作为共同体的良好公民，应当平等的享受法律的保护；不得通过法律建立一个派别与另一个的从属关系。