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28楼
发表于 2014-11-17 08:34
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26# ironland
Matured Crony Capitalism under Vladimir Putin
Under Vladimir Putin’s administration, the crony capitalism of the 1990s became institutionalized under Putin’s dirigiste economic policy. Although the Russian economy recovered under his rule, this was largely due to high oil and natural gas prices, with the effect that the economy has become reliant on revenues from fossil fuel exports, discouraging competitiveness and foreign investment.
The chaos of the 1990s provided an opportunity for Putin to re-nationalize privatized firms. The haphazard and often legally dubious methods used by individuals to acquire privatized state assets during the privatization process provided Putin with legal grounds for prosecuting business owners that were potential political threats. Yet this was not a case of cleaning up corruption; Putin simply sidelined uncooperative business leaders with political ambitions, but gave free reign to those who consented to staying out of politics in exchange for the state looking the other way on past business dealings.
Putin’s administration is noted for the presence of former security service personnel, known as the siloviki. Putin and the siloviki share the view that the state should direct the development of the economy by establishing “national champions,” i.e. state-controlled monopolies, especially in the hydrocarbon sector. Nikolai Patrushev, Viktor Ivanov, and Igor Sechin, all ex-security service men appointed to positions of power by Putin, used their networks to gain control over the commanding heights of the Russian economy. Putin appointed Sechin as head of Rosneft, the state controlled petroleum firm, shortly before Rosneft’s takeover of Yuganskneftegaz, and Sechin participated in the government’s takeover of Gazprom.16 Sechin is currently executive Chairman of Rosneft and sits on the board of directors of the United Shipbuilding Corporation.17 Ivanov, since 2008, heads the state anti-drug agency, was elected to the Board of Directors of Aeroflot in October 2004, and was running Almaz-Antei, an air defence consortium before becoming a presidential advisor in March 2004. These men have, in turn, placed individuals from their own networks into key posts in the railway industry, banking, customs, and energy, to name a few.
The result has been the creation of an imbalanced economic structure in which Russia’s economic health is very dependent on revenues from oil and gas exports. In 2012, Oil and gas export revenues accounted for 52% of federal budget revenues and over 70% of all exports. High oil prices throughout the 2000s have created a boom of prosperity for ordinary Russians, but they have also appreciated the value of the rouble, harming an already uncompetitive export manufacturing sector.21 Additionally, the Russian state has created a difficult investment climate for foreign companies. In 2008, the Russian government passed a law on “strategic sectors,” limiting foreign investment to 25% of control of shares or voting stock in any firms deemed important to national security.
http://russia-eastern-republic.com/2014/10/10/corrupted-capitalism-in-russia-1991-2014/ |
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