[转帖] [Obituary] [2013.2.9] Richard III 理查德三世 骨殖重见天日 恶名能否昭雪？

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http://www.ecocn.org/thread-180513-1-1.html
Richard III
理查德三世

Richard Plantagenet, England’s most controversial king, was officially rediscovered on February 4th
2月4日，官方宣布重新发现英格兰最具争议的国王——理查德-金雀花的尸骨

Feb 9th 2013 |From the print edition



NO VIPER, toad or hedgehog; no unformed bear-whelp, or lump of foul deformity. Instead, the man dug up from the car park of Leicester Social Services in September had, for the most part, an ordinary shape. His height was a little above average for the time when he had lived. His limbs were regular and delicate—almost feminine, the scientists said. Pace Shakespeare, there was no withered arm. There was, however, a severely sideways-twisted spine, the result of scoliosis that had probably emerged in adolescence. It would have put one shoulder higher than the other, making him stand shorter than he was. He might have needed extra cushions in his chairs, and extra tugs when putting on those robes of green velvet and crimson cloth of gold so lovingly detailed in his orders to the Wardrobe. But then a king would get that sort of help anyway.

既不像毒蛇、蟾蜍，也不像野猪；既不像未成形的熊崽儿，也不像脏兮兮的畸形肉块儿。相反，人们于9月在莱斯特社区服务的停车场发现的尸骨总体上形状正常。就他所生活的时期来说，他的个头中等偏高；科学家们称：其四肢正常，但略显纤细，几乎像女人一样。请莎士比亚容我有不同看法，此人的胳膊并未萎缩【1】，不过，大概是因为青少年时代出现的脊柱侧凸的结果，他的脊柱扭曲严重，这使他的肩膀一边高一边低，整个人看上去比实际身材矮一截。他可能会需要在椅子上多放几个垫子；当他穿上绿色天鹅绒或是金丝深红布料缝制而成的长袍（他下令让皇家御衣部准备这些衣物时，曾煞费苦心地对衣服的样式进行过详述）时，他可能还需额外拽几下衣服。但话说回来，总会有人帮国王打理这些事情的。

The body now identified as Richard (give or take the last layers of DNA testing) was found beneath the choir of the vanished Grey Friars, the Franciscan priory in Leicester. An honourable place, but hardly good enough for a king, and the work was done hastily: the grave dug too short for the body and the body itself crammed in without shroud or coffin, with its hands bound in front of its privates. The skull, when found, was open-mouthed, as if it still yelled “Treason! Treason!” When you lose a battle, as he had just lost Bosworth, on August 22nd 1485, to Henry Tudor, that is how you end. The body was battered. The face, however, was kept intact, to show the people he was dead. It has now been reconstructed: younger-looking than its 32 years, smooth with fresh paint and plastic and, in an odd way, innocent.

人们在莱斯特市圣方济各会的小修道院——Grey Friars教堂遗址的高坛下发现了这具现在被认定为使理查德的尸骨（据最后几层DNA检测来看，此人应该就是理查德）。（对普通人来说），这地方称得上是荣耀，但对于一位国王来说恐怕是不够的，而他还是被草草埋葬的，因为对于尸体来说，坟墓太短了，而且尸体就那样被塞进去了，既没裹裹尸布也没入殓，双手还绑在私处前。当头骨被发现时，上面有个豁口，好像仍然在喊：“谋反啦！谋反啦！”如果你输掉了战争，结局就是如此，理查德三世就是这样——1485年8月22日，他在博斯沃思战役中输给了亨利都铎。他的身体被击伤，但面部保持完好，这是为了让人们看到他死了。现在尸骨的面部被还原：理查德死时为32岁，而这个模型看起来更为年轻。由于模型刚刚上过塑胶并涂了油彩，因此皮肤看起来很光滑。让人感到很别扭的是，他看起来还很无辜。

His supporters hope this new Richard can come to replace the old. Time to focus on the loyal brother, the brave soldier, the highly competent administrator of the north of England, the pounder of the Scots; time to remember the man who brought in special courts to hear the complaints of the poor, who abolished “benevolences” (taxes, unvoted by Parliament, disguised as gifts to the king) and who banned any curbs on the new art of printing. And time to bury deep the accused murderer of Henry VI, Henry’s son Edward, George Duke of Clarence, Lord Hastings and his own two pathetic nephews, the princes in the Tower: the crook-backed, leering, strawberry-fancying villain of Polydore Vergil, Thomas More, Shakespeare and Laurence Olivier, dragging his spider-body round and round the stage of history.

赞扬理查三世的人希望，这个全新的理查三世能够让人们忘记对他的成见。让时间彻底忘记那个千夫所指的谋杀犯形象，尽管有人指控他杀害了亨利六世和其子爱德华、克拉伦斯公爵乔治【2】、黑斯廷斯勋爵、他那两个可怜的亲侄子和被关在伦敦塔中的王子；他不再是波利多尔•弗吉尔【3】、托马斯•摩尔和莎士比亚笔下的那个无赖，也不再是劳伦斯•奥利弗饰演的那个混蛋，弯腰弓背，面带奸笑，爱吃草莓，拖着自己那蜘蛛一样的身体在历史的舞台上转来转去。人们要注意，他是一位忠心耿耿的兄弟、一名勇敢的士兵、十分称职的北英格兰统领者、苏格兰人的克星；他创立了特殊法庭以倾听穷人的控诉、他废除了恩税（这是一种打着给国王进贡的幌子而收取的税，但未获会议批准）；他取消了对新兴印刷术的禁令。（本段结构感谢fsz^^)


To a large degree, though, the man who was Richard III has already been uncovered. He has been found in his books, most of them second-hand and well-thumbed: “The Guidance of Princes”, Wycliffe’s New Testament, “The Art of War”, stock romances. In these he wrote his name and, sometimes, the motto tant le desiree, “I’ve wanted it so much”. (The crown, perhaps?) On the calendar page of his book of hours he carefully wrote in his name, birthplace and birth-year against October 2nd, his birthday. This was a man who spent the Christmas of 1484 over-partying, and who liked to appear in a sea of silk banners of his own device, the white boar; but who also had a particular devotion to St Anthony the Hermit, patron of those who struggled against the sins of the flesh. Compared with his hedonistic, amorous brother, Edward IV, there was a moral strictness, almost prudishness, about Richard, much emphasised by him when in 1483 he made his risky lunge for the throne.

但总的来说，人们已经揭开了理查德三世的真面目。人们已在他的藏书中发现了他，那些书大部分是二手的和翻旧了的：像《王子指南（The Guidance of Princes）》、威克里夫(Wycliffe)的《新约》译本、《孙子兵法（The Art of War）》，老掉牙的传奇故事。在这些书中，他写下了他的名字，有时他会写下他的座右铭“tant le desiree（法语：我是那么的想得到它）”（也许是皇冠？）。在他的祈祷书日历的那一页，他会在自己的生日10月2日的旁边仔细地写下他的名字、出生地、出生年份。他在1484年的圣诞节大办舞会，他喜欢出现在丝制旗帜的海洋之间，那些旗帜是他自己亲自设计的，上面的图案是白色的野猪。但他对隐士圣安东尼尤其虔诚，后者是那些与肉体的罪恶相斗争的人们的守护神。与他的兄弟——终日享乐的情种爱德华四世相比，理查德具有严格的道德观念，甚至到了拘谨的地步，他在1483年冒险向王位发起冲击，可谓一反常态。

The killer blow
致命一击

All these human touches and virtues have been known for years, and yet the monster Richard survives. Favourite stories, centuries old, are very hard to shift. The Tudors, who blackened him to promote themselves, laid it on thick. That is not the only problem, however. Richard was already, to some, a monster in his own time. For all his self-conferred title of Lord Protector, he had usurped the throne, and rumours were alive that he was a child-killer. That was why his reign could never properly get started, and why he was betrayed at Bosworth a mere two years in.

多年来，所有的这些人情味儿和美德都是众所周知的，但最终理查德还是以“怪物”的形象留在了人们心里。那些流传了几百年的人们最喜欢的故事，是很难动摇的。为了提高自己的形象，都铎王朝的成员诋毁理查德，并将之大肆渲染。然而，那还不是唯一的问题。早在他在位时，有人就已经把理查三世当做是一个“怪物”了。尽管他自封“护国公”，但他篡夺王位、民间风传他是个“杀孩恶魔”。为什么他的统治刚一开始就被推翻？为什么仅仅过了两年，他就在博斯沃思战役中众叛亲离？个中原因正在于此。

The skeleton found in the car park gave vivid evidence of the strength of feeling against him. Unhorsed in the mêlée, fighting like fury with his helmet off, he was killed either by a sword-thrust right through his brain, or by a halberd-blow that sliced off the back of his skull. More dagger blows to his head were inflicted once he was dead, and as a parting shot a knife was plunged in his buttocks as his naked body, slung over a saddle, was carried from the field.

人们在停车场发现的骸骨生动地显示了某些人对他的反感之强烈。他在混战中被拽下马来，他像疯了一样战斗，连头盔都掉了。要么因为剑正好刺穿了他的头颅、要么因为戟把他头骨的后半部分削掉了，他战死沙场。他一死，更多的匕首向他的头部刺去。为了对他进行最后的羞辱，有人在他的臀部插入了一剑，当时人们正把他那从马鞍上垂下的赤裸的身体抬出战场。

On the mystery of how the loyal soldier of 1482 turned into the desperate, secretive, conspiracy-haunted man of 1485 the bones have nothing to say. His childhood and youth were marked by civil war. In 1470 he was forced, with his brother, into exile in the Low Countries. The age was one of ever-shifting loyalties and every man for himself. He was physically hampered, that is now clear: if not enough to change his life, enough to hurt his pride and try his temper. Those factors may explain something. Yet all the CT scans, environmental sampling and DNA analysis in the world cannot reveal whether, when he kissed the small nephews whose guardian he ostensibly was, he really meant it, or whether he was already contemplating an order that would snuff them out.

在1482年还忠心耿耿的士兵怎么到1485年就变得孤注一掷、偷偷摸摸、一心谋反了呢？对于这一谜题，这些骨殖无可奉告。理查德的童年和青年时期是在颠沛流离的内战中度过的。1470年，他和他的兄弟被迫流亡到低地国家。忠诚与否须臾即变，人不为己天诛地灭。现已明确，他身体上存在缺陷，如果说这种缺陷不足以改变他的生活，却足以伤害其自尊心，并磨练其意志。上述因素可能会说明一些问题。然而世界上所有的电脑断层扫描、环境抽样和DNA分析都不能说明：当他亲吻他那些表面是其监护人的小小的侄子时，他是不是出于真心，亦或那时他已在思忖是否要发出命令将他俩干掉。




I. 用法：

1  give or take：允许有……的小误差；大约差不多或多或少

2  Parting shot

史书中，罗成的“回马枪”享誉九州；《圣经》里，帕提亚人的“Parthianshot”（回马箭）更名扬四海。不过，现代意义上，“Parthianshot/partingshot”常用来指“语言上最后的回击/报复”。

　　词源学家认为，“partingshot”的本源是“Parthianshot”。前者之所以取代后者，原因是后人在使用中错误改变了原词的写法。ParthianEmpire（帕提亚王国）位居现伊朗东北部，据说，帕提亚人精于射箭，他们最有名的“战术”是“假装退却，然后再回身放箭杀伤敌人”。由此，“Parthianshot”常用来指“回马射，回马枪”。

　　随着岁月的流逝，“Parthianshot”渐渐被写作“partingshot”，其军事意义也湮没于人们的日常生活中，现常用来指“一方在争吵中居于劣势时，扔下一句戗人语（颇有影响力的回击语/余味无穷的报复语），然后愤然离去。”

　　看例句：Well, youd better be careful, he said threateningly.And,with that parting shot, he stormed out oftheroom.（他恐吓道，“哼，你们最好小心一点。” 说完怒气冲冲大步走出了房间去。）

3   Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost.


人不为己，天诛地灭。



II. 注释


【1】莎士比亚在《理查三世》中描述其有枯萎的手臂

【2】George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, 1st Earl of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Warwick, KG (21 October 1449 – 18 February 1478) was the third son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville, and the brother of kings Edward IV and Richard III. He played an important role in the dynastic struggle known as the Wars of the Roses. He is also remembered as the character in William Shakespeare's play Richard III who was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine.

【3】Polydore Vergil or Virgil (c. 1470 – 18 April 1555) was an Italian historian, otherwise known as PV Castellensis. He is a primary source for the early Tudor period, though his historical accuracy is often questioned.

【4】劳伦斯•奥利弗，英国戏剧舞台上最伟大的莎剧王子，将莎士比亚戏剧进行最成功影像表达的奥斯卡影帝。奥利弗与费雯•丽，王子与公主，如花美眷，神仙称羡。但所有的童话故事都在王子娶了公主之后戛然而止。因为残酷的现实不容许完美的爱情神话。http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/2007-07-07/ba1628680.shtml

【5】低地国家，特指荷兰、比利时和卢森堡。因其海拔低而得名。
英国把这一地区视作它的屏障，如果哪个国家侵入这一地区，那么它将直接威胁到英吉利海峡的安全。


III. 背景知识

理查三世




理查三世属于分支约克家族成员，也是金雀花王朝/约克王朝的最后一位国王，在位时间仅两年（1483－1485）。1483年4月，理查德的兄长爱德华四世去世，传位予年仅12岁的儿子爱德华五世，并任命理查为摄政王。同年6月，议会宣布爱德华四世和伊丽莎白‧伍德维尔的婚姻无效，爱德华五世无继承权，理查三世继承王位。爱德华五世与弟弟理查德住进伦敦塔（当年那里还是皇家住所）。8月，爱德华五世与弟弟理查德失踪，理查德三世被指控谋杀两位王子，虽然并无实际证据。1485年，亨利‧都铎（后来的亨利七世）起兵叛乱，理查三世命丧博斯沃思平原，成为最后一个死在战场上的英国国王。

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相关阅读



驼背国王：去年9月出土的这具骸骨显示出椎骨弯曲和在战争中受伤的迹象，这与人们认为的金雀花王朝最后一位国王理查三世的遭遇相同


国王的面部：4日早上在莱斯特大学宣布证实这具骸骨身份的消息受到来自世界各地的媒体的热烈欢迎，数百名记者为了这次公告来到这里


罪大恶极的国王：但是有些人指出，理查三世的坏名声是由亨利都铎恶意诽谤的可能性更大，而非他的真实行为


理查三世的骸骨是去年9月在莱斯特的一个停车场进行考古发掘时出土的，这里曾是格雷弗莱尔斯教堂的围地


博斯沃思战役：图上骑白马的理查三世在500多年前的博斯沃思战役中被杀，这场战役标志着他的统治结束和都铎王朝崛起


      理查三世是莎士比亚戏剧里的一个驼背暴君，为了王位他谋害了被囚禁在伦敦塔里的他的两个侄子。理查三世给世人留下一个迷：他在很多人心目中是个暴君，但在一些人心中却是个大英雄。他在1483年到1485年之间统治英格兰，这段时间正处于为争夺王位而展开的持续几十年的玫瑰战争期间。他在短暂的统治期间进行了一些自由变革，其中包括引入保释权，并加强了对书籍和印刷机的限制。他的统治遭到挑战，在博斯沃思场战役中被亨利都铎率领的军队战败并杀死。亨利都铎夺得王位，成为亨利七世。理查三世的骸骨有望被重新安葬到莱斯特大教堂里。

　　历史上没有哪位国王像理查三世一样遭到如此诽谤和审查。数个世纪以来，就他应该是一位有远见的改革家和才华横溢的管理者，还是一位野心勃勃的篡位者和残忍的谋杀者，史学家已经提出了不同论点。现在这位君王因死于博斯沃思战役、他的年轻侄子突然失踪和莎士比亚戏剧《理查三世》里对他滑稽的描绘而出名，事实上正是这场战役结束了玫瑰战争。但是他的名声显然被层层谜团和半真半假的陈述环绕。在莎士比亚的戏剧里，他被描绘成一个“丑陋”、“狡猾”、嫉妒心强和野心勃勃的驼背，这部戏剧在16世纪90年代首次公演，现在很难弄清楚莎翁描绘的这个男人踉踉跄跄大喊道：“一匹马，一匹马，用我的王位换一匹马！”是不是对理查三世的真实反映，或者只是创作性戏剧的一种表现形式。

　　虽然现在皇家理查迪安斯(loyal Ricardians)正在努力改变理查的坏名声，但是传统观点认为，尽管理查不像都铎那么罪大恶极，史学家表示，可能是他导致他的两个侄子被从皇室除名。在理查三世基金会的网站上，标题为《忠于真相》的一个网页摘录一段话称：“理查三世是英格兰最具争议的一个历史人物，这经常与他希望篡夺英格兰王位有关。诽谤理查的主要来源都是迷信的虚构，尽管几个世纪以来一些人一直无法理解这些。有些诽谤可能非常可笑，例如他在子宫里呆了2年、像施了魔法般萎缩的胳膊和谋害无辜婴孩，但是这些谣言经过反复出现，就会令人信以为真。它可能是以魔鬼的形式列举一位邪恶国外的错误，并不考虑他们自己的居所就是地狱。或者这是以更加邪恶的性质呈现出来，例如现代人无法作出肯定回答的疑问——爱德华五世到底发生了什么。通过把一切罪过都归罪到理查三世的头上，让亨利都铎在2百年间躲过了人们的指责，直到人们可以自由提出疑问，这种情况才有所改变。尽管都铎显然有巨大的动机传播恶意谣言，诽谤一个死去的人，但是一些人就连最无耻的诽谤都不会放过。”(孝文)

转自 环球网http://tech.huanqiu.com/discovery/2013-02/3631001.html

推荐网站：http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_144393_98196.html

ironland

一匹马，一匹马，我用我的王位换一匹马！

再多的历史文献也无法抵制这句莎士比亚的感染力。不管他是什么样的人，认命吧。很久以前希腊人就得出结论，别得罪有文化的人。

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伊壁鸠鲁也曾被误解，追求快乐被人和放纵享乐画上等号。