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56楼
发表于 2011-7-5 11:40
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§48. And as different degrees of industry were apt to give men possessions in different proportions, so this invention of money gave them the opportunity to continue and enlarge them: for supposing an island, separate from all possible commerce with the rest of the world, wherein there were but an hundred families, but there were sheep, horses and cows, with other useful animals, wholesome fruits, and land enough for corn for a hundred thousand times as many, but nothing in the island, either because of its commonness, or perishableness, fit to supply the place of money; what reason could any one have there to enlarge his possessions beyond the use of his family, and a plentiful supply to its consumption, either in what their own industry produced, or they could barter for like perishable, useful commodities, with others? Where there is not some thing, both lasting and scarce, and so valuable to be hoarded up, there men will not be apt to enlarge their possessions of land, were it never so rich, never so free for them to take: for I ask, what would a man value ten thousand, or an hundred thousand acres of excellent land, ready cultivated, and well stocked too with cattle, in the middle of the inland parts of America, where he had no hopes of commerce with other parts of the world, to draw money to him by the sale of the product? It would not be worth the enclosing, and we should see him give up again to the wild common of nature, whatever was more than would supply the conveniencies of life to be had there for him and his family.
48.就像不同程度的勤劳会给人们不同数量的财产,货币的发明也给予了他们机会去保存和扩大财产:想象有这么一个岛屿,与世界其它地方的贸易完全隔绝,在那里只有一百户家庭,但是有绵羊,马和奶牛,和其它一些有用的兽禽和有益健康的果实,以及足够生产十万倍谷物的土地,可是,由于这些物品不是太过普遍就是易于腐烂,岛上竟没有一样东西适合做货币;在这种情况下,那里的任何人在超过他的家庭所需,以及通过自身的劳动生产或与他人物物交换一些类似的易腐的有用的日用品之外又有什么理由去扩充他的财产呢?在任何地方,若没有既稀少又可长久保存的物品,因为宝贵而值得保存,那里的人们就不会趋向于扩大他们的土地财产,尽管土地从未如此肥沃,他们可以如此自由的获取土地:试问,如果有一个人在美洲中部,有一万或者十万英亩优等土地,可以开垦,也储备了耕牛,可是他没有与世界其它地方进行贸易的希望,以用土地的产出来换取货币,那么他会如何评估这片土地呢?并不值得圈占,我们会看到,超过他与他的家人的生活便利所需,他将放弃然后恢复自然的共有状态。
§49. Thus in the beginning all the world was America, and more so than that is now; for no such thing as money was any where known. Find out something that hath the use and value of money amongst his neighbours, you shall see the same man will begin presently to enlarge his possessions.
49.因此,世界的初始都像美洲,更像以前的美洲;因为那时候谁也不知道有货币这回事。只要有人在他们邻人中间发现了一种可作货币的物品,你就会看到这人立即会扩大他的财产。
§50. But since gold and silver, being little useful to the life of man in proportion to food, raiment, and carriage, has its value only from the consent of men, whereof labour yet makes, in great part, the measure, it is plain, that men have agreed to a disproportionate and unequal possession of the earth, they having, by a tacit and voluntary consent, found out, a way how a man may fairly possess more land than he himself can use the product of, by receiving in exchange for the overplus gold and silver, which may be hoarded up without injury to any one; these metals not spoiling or decaying in the hands of the possessor. This partage of things in an inequality of private possessions, men have made practicable out of the bounds of society, and without compact, only by putting a value on gold and silver, and tacitly agreeing in the use of money: for in governments, the laws regulate the right of property, and the possession of land is determined by positive constitutions.
50.但是,既然金和银与食物,衣服,马车相比,对人的生活用处很小,其价值只能基于人们的同意,由此,在很大程度上,仍然是由劳动决定价值尺度,很明白,人们已经同意不平等的占有地球上的物品,他们通过默认和自愿同意的方式已经找到一种方法,使人可以公平的占有其产出超过他自己能使用的土地,这种方法就是将剩余物品换成任何人都能够无损的保存的金和银;这些金属在持有者手中不会腐烂变质。这种私人占有的不平等,人们之所以能够超出社会的范围无需契约就能实行,仅仅是赋予金银一定的价值,以默认的方式当货币使用:就政府的统治而言,法律调整着财产权,土地的占有由制定法决定。
§51. And thus, I think, it is very easy to conceive, without any difficulty, how labour could at first begin a title of property in the common things of nature, and how the spending it upon our uses bounded it. So that there could then be no reason of quarrelling about title, nor any doubt about the largeness of possession it gave. Right and conveniency went together; for as a man had a right to all he could employ his labour upon, so he had no temptation to labour for more than he could make use of. This left no room for controversy about the title, nor for encroachment on the right of others; what portion a man carved to himself, was easily seen; and it was useless, as well as dishonest, to carve himself too much, or take more than he needed.
51.这样一来,我想,就可以非常容易毫无困难的想象:最初,劳动是如何在自然的共有之物中开始确定财产资格的,以及我们的使用又是如何限制财产权的。所以,对于这样的财产资格就没有争论的理由,对于财产权容许占有多少亦毫无疑问。权利和便利并行;既然一个人对于他的劳动所施与影响的物品拥有权利,所以他也就没有诱惑为他所享用不了的物品付出劳动。这就不会给财产资格留下任何争论的余地,也不容侵犯他人的财产权;一个人据为己有的那部分财产,容易判断;若据为己有的太多,或取用多于他所需要的,这是没有用处的,也是不诚实的。 |
1,I.stability of possession;II.transference by consent;III.performance of promises.
2,中国的教育体系是制造SB的流水线。
3,一个充满着下贱历史的国家如何走向正常? |
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