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195楼
发表于 2011-8-7 13:24
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§196. The short of the case in conquest is this: the conqueror, if he have a just cause, has a despotical right over the persons of all, that actually aided, and concurred in the war against him, and a right to make up his damage and cost out of their labour and estates, so he injure not the right of any other. Over the rest of the people, if there were any that consented not to the war, and over the children of the captives themselves, or the possessions of either, he has no power; and so can have, by virtue of conquest, no lawful title himself to dominion over them, or derive it to his posterity; but is an aggressor, if he attempts upon their properties, and thereby puts himself in a state of war against them; and has no better a right of principality, he, nor any of his successors, than Hingar, or Hubba, the Danes, had here in England, or Spartacus, had he conquered Italy, would have had; which is to have their yoke cast off, as soon as God shall give those under their subjection courage and opportunity to do it. Thus, notwithstanding whatever title the kings of Assyria had over Judah, by the sword, God assisted Hezekiah to throw off the dominion of that conquering empire. And the lord was with Hezekiah; and he prospered whithersoever he went forth: and he rebelled against the king of Assyria, and served him not, 2 Kings xviii. 7. Whence it is plain, that shaking off a power, which force, and not right, hath set over any one, though it hath the name of rebellion, yet is no offence before God, but is that which he allows and countenances, though even promises and covenants, when obtained by force, have intervened: for it is very probable, to any one that reads the story of Ahaz and Hezekiah attentively, that the Assyrians subdued Ahaz, and deposed him, and made Hezekiah king in his father's lifetime; and that Hezekiah by agreement had done him homage, and paid him tribute all this time.
§196. 征服的情况,简言之就是这样:如果征服者拥有正当的理由,那么对在战争中实际帮助和支持过他的敌人的所有人拥有一种独断的权力,有权利从他们的劳动和财产中获得补偿以弥补他的损失和花费,这样他便没有伤害到任何其他人的权利。对其余的人——如果他们并不赞同战争,或者对俘虏们的孩子,或者对任何一个的财产,他没有权力;从而不能基于征服而对他们拥有合法的统治权,或将这种统治权传给他的后代;如果他对他们的财产有所图谋,他便成了入侵者,从而使自己置身于对他们的战争状态之中;他或他的继承者并不比丹麦人Hingar或Hubba对英国兰,或斯巴达克思(奴隶,角斗士,反叛罗马的领导者)——如果他征服意大利的话——拥有更多的君主权利;一旦上帝给与他们所臣服的人勇气和机会,他们便可以扔掉他们的枷锁。这样的话,不管亚述的国王凭借刀剑对犹大国享有何种资格,上帝帮助希西家摆脱了那个征服帝国的统治。耶和华与希西家同在;无论他到哪里去,都能兴旺:他反叛亚述国王,不再侍奉他(列王纪下:18:7)。由此可见,摆脱一种基于强制而不是权利而加于任何人身上的权力,尽管背有反叛之名,然而在上帝面前并不是什么罪行,而是祂允许和赞同的,即使靠强制力所获得的承诺和契约在干扰:任何人只要仔细读过亚哈斯和希西家的故事,就可能知道,亚述人征服亚哈斯,废黜了他,并在他还在世的时候立希西家为国王;而依据协议希西家一直忠于亚述国王并向他进贡。 |
1,I.stability of possession;II.transference by consent;III.performance of promises.
2,中国的教育体系是制造SB的流水线。
3,一个充满着下贱历史的国家如何走向正常? |
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