[转帖] [2012.07.27] How to remember Koxinga 如何纪念国姓爷

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http://www.ecocn.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=73937
How to remember Koxinga
如何纪念国姓爷

Contested legacy
存有争议的遗产

Jul 27th 2012, 4:21 by The Economist | BEIJING and TOKYO
2012年7月27日《经济学人》网站记者写于北京与东京



EARLIER this month China’s first aircraft-carrier set out from the port city of Dalian to begin her longest sea trial to date, one that is likely to include J-15 fighters performing take-off and landing exercises. While China’s state media still officially refer to the ship by its original Russian name, Varyag, it has long been rumoured that when the new carrier is finally commissioned she will acquire a new name: the Shi Lang.

本月早些时候，中国的第一艘航空母舰在大连港起航，开始了其迄今为止时间最长的一次海试航行。在这次航行中可能要进行包括歼-15战机起飞及降落在内的一系列试验。尽管中国的官方媒体仍然用其原先的俄罗斯名字——“瓦良格号”来称呼这艘航母，但很长一段时间以来人们就传言，当这艘新航母最终投入现役时，它会有一个新名称：施琅号。

It is an interesting choice, if not especially subtle. In 1683 Admiral Shi Lang led an invasion force across the Taiwan Straits to dislodge an independent kingdom that had been established by rebels who fled the mainland. They had chosen autonomy in favour of submission to a new regime.

即使算不上特别微妙，给这艘航母起这样一个名字也是一个有趣的选择。1863年，施琅率领一队兵船穿越台湾海峡开始了一场入侵行动，目的是消灭一个由逃离大陆的反叛人士建立的独立王国。这些人士不愿向新的统治者投降，因而选择了自治的道路。

Should the carrier be commissioned this year, it would be an equally significant choice of dates. In the contemporary calendar, 2012 marks the 350th anniversary since that breakaway kingdom was founded, by Zheng Chenggong, who is better known outside China as Koxinga.

如果这艘航母今年能够投入现役，大概也会选择一个同样具有重大意义的日子。在当今的年历上，2012年代表这个由郑成功创建的分离政权诞生350周年。在海外，国姓爷的大名比郑成功更为人所知晓。

He came from a storied family. Part merchant, part pirate, Koxinga’s father was the head of a sprawling maritime empire which stretched from Fujian to Japan. Koxinga was born into a world of busy commerce and conflict, where goods flowed among the ports of the western Pacific in a trade so lucrative it created its own economic centre of gravity. It pulled in silver from the mines of Mexico and Peru and investment and ships from as a far away as Lisbon, Madrid, Amsterdam and London.

郑成功出生于名门。他父亲是一半商人一半海盗，是一个疆界不很明确的王国的首领。这个王国的版图横跨福建与日本。郑成功诞生于一个贸易兴旺，战争频繁的世界。在这块太平洋西部的海域，商品在各港口间大量进出，利润丰厚的贸易在这块海域产生出它自己的经济重心。从墨西哥与秘鲁的银矿中开采出的白银，到远至里斯本、马德里、阿姆斯特丹和伦敦的船队与投资都被吸引到这里。

Koxinga’s life changed when the Ming dynasty fell in 1644. His father at first supported the Ming cause against the Manchu invasion but soon turned coats, betraying his imperial patron to the new dynasty. Koxinga took his loyalties more seriously, and continued to resist the new rulers. (The name Koxinga actually comes from a southern Chinese pronunciation of a title, Lord of the Imperial Surname, given to him by a grateful Ming prince.) Forced off of the mainland in 1661, Koxinga and his fleet fled to Taiwan, which was then nominally under the control of the Dutch. His forces lay siege to their garrison for nearly a year, finally forcing the Dutch commander to surrender in February 1662.

当明王朝在1644年覆灭时，郑成功的命运出现了转折。他父亲起初扶明抗清，但不久就投向了清朝，背叛了曾给予他庇护的明王朝。郑成功更加忠诚于明庭，他继续抵抗新的统治者。（国姓爷这个名字实际来自于“与国同姓”这个贵族头衔，是心怀感激之情的明王子赏赐予他的。Koxinga是中国南方人对国姓爷这个称呼的读音。）在1661年被迫离开大陆后，郑成功与他的船队逃到了台湾。台湾当时名义上由荷兰人统治。郑成功的人马对荷兰人的驻地进行了长达近一年的围困，最终迫使荷兰指挥官于1662年2月投降。

At the time, Taiwan was an inhospitable place. It had never been under the administrative control of any mainland government, and its position at the heart of the Pacific trade routes made it a natural haven for smugglers, pirates, outlaws, foreign adventurers and a few hardy settlers from China’s coastal provinces. First the Portuguese and later the Dutch claimed the island for themselves, but only the bravest souls ventured inland. The island’s aboriginal inhabitants had already developed a fearsome reputation for hostility to outsiders. And even after Shi Lang’s eventual conquest, when Taiwan for the first time came under direct rule from the mainland, it remained a wild and lawless place and a difficult—often dangerous—posting for Chinese officials.

那时的台湾还是一处荒芜之地，从未处于任何大陆政权的行政管辖之下。台湾岛位于太平洋贸易航线的中心，这个地理位置使它自然成为走私者、海盗、逃犯、外国冒险家和少数能吃苦耐劳，从中国沿海省份移居这里的居民的天堂。开始是葡萄牙人，后来是荷兰人宣布台湾为他们所有。但只有意志最为坚强的人敢于深入这个岛屿的腹地。这个岛屿的土著居民对外来者身怀敌意的态度早已声名远扬，令人闻之丧胆。即使在施琅最终征服了这个岛屿，台湾第一次处于大陆的直接统治之下，这里依然是一片荒蛮的土地。对中国官员来说，在这里当官太难，而且经常充满了危险。

Koxinga remains a controversial figure not least because he is claimed as a “national hero” in three places: China, Taiwan and Japan.

郑成功是一个充满争议的人物。他在中国大陆、台湾与日本三地都被称为“民族英雄”，因而更是引起了人们的争议。

Japan has always treated him as a native son. He was born in Nagasaki and his mother was the daughter of a Japanese lord. Just decades after Koxinga’s death, Chikamatsu Monazaemon, a master of the bunraku form of puppet theatre, made him the subject of one his most famous works. In Chikamatsu’s play, Koxinga is a great warrior who used the martial spirit and courage endowed to him by his Japanese blood to fight battles on exotic Chinese shores. During the period when Japan occupied Taiwan, from 1895 to 1945, Koxinga’s mixed heritage was used in propaganda that sought to prove a deep connection between the people of Japan and Taiwan.

日本将他视为一个土生土长的日本人。他出生于长崎，他母亲是一个日本贵族的女儿。就在郑成功死后几十年，一位净瑠璃剧（一种木偶剧）大师近松门左卫门（Chikamatsu Monazaemon）就以他为核心人物创作了其最为著名的戏剧。在近松门左卫门的这部戏剧中，国姓爷是一个伟大的武士。他用日本血统赋予他的尚武精神与勇气在异国情调的中国海岸进行拼搏战斗。在1895-1945年日本占领台湾期间，国姓爷是中日混血儿这件事被大肆宣传，以证明日本人与台湾人间有着紧密的联系。

After the Chinese nationalists took their refuge in Taiwan, at the end of the civil war, Chiang Kai-shek’s Republic of China drew inspiration from stories of Koxinga’s resistance against hostile forces on the mainland—and his desire to reclaim lost territory across the straits. The Generalissimo Chiang himself was sometimes spoken of as a latter-day Koxinga, though clearly Taiwan would like to avoid the fate of the Zheng family.

当国民党人于内战末期逃到台湾后，蒋介石的中华民国从郑成功抵抗大陆敌对势力的故事及他希望越过海峡收复大陆的设想中获得了启示。蒋总司令有时就被称作当代的郑成功，但台湾显然想要避免郑成功一家那样的命运。

Back in the People’s Republic of China, textbooks remember Koxinga as a patriotic Chinese hero who boldly “recovered Taiwan” from imperialist Dutch interlopers. His exploits are a key part of the “Patriotic History” narrative, which bolsters Koxinga’s anti-imperialist credentials while glossing over the condition of Taiwan before the Dutch arrived. To say nothing of his mixed parentage, or the fact that this Chinese hero was raised, in the words of Tonio Andrade, an historian, “with a samurai sword in his hand.”

再回过头来看中国大陆。大陆的教科书中将郑成功称为爱国民族英雄，他大胆地从闯入的荷兰殖民者手中“收复”了台湾。他的功绩是讲述“英雄史诗”的一个重要组成部分。在大陆的历史书籍中将郑成功标榜为一个反抗殖民者的人物，但同时对台湾在荷兰人到来之前的状况避而不谈。欧阳泰（Tonio Andrade）是一位历史学家，用他的话来说，这位中华英雄是在“手握武士刀”中被抚养成人的。大陆的教科书对郑成功异族通婚的父母身世及这种状况更是只字不提。

In a recent article, Mr Andrade, who has written extensively on Taiwan and its colonial past, described the frustration he faced in trying to get his book, Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West, translated and published on the mainland:

欧阳泰先生写作过大量关于台湾及台湾殖民历史的文章。他最近发表了一篇文章，描述了他想要将其著作《失去的殖民地：中国对西方第一个重大胜利，但前所未闻的故事》（Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West）在大陆进行翻译和出版时所遇到的挫折。

My erstwhile publisher asked whether I would acquiesce to omitting some “sensitive material” and changing some wording. It sounded like an innocuous request until I got to the details. Since Koxinga is considered a “positive figure in China,” my publisher informed me that the text would have to omit any discussion of torture by him and his soldiers. (Descriptions of Dutch atrocities were acceptable, though.) The book couldn’t refer to Koxinga as a “conqueror” or a “warlord,” and his “restoration of Taiwan” couldn’t be referred to as an invasion or an attack. Similarly, any mention of resistance by Taiwan’s aboriginal peoples (who, historical sources make clear, rose up and killed thousands of his soldiers), would also have to be excised, on the grounds that such episodes hint at “some sort of consciousness of Taiwanese independence”. The Chinese publisher said that if I refused to make such changes, the translation wouldn’t proceed. “Abridgement,” I was told, “is unavoidable.”

我从前的出版商问我是否同意删除一些“敏感材料”和改变一些措词。听起来这样的要求也无伤大雅，但我了解到细节后就不这样想了。我的出版商告诉我说，由于郑成功在大陆被视为一个“正面人物”，因此书中必须删除任何有关他及手下讨论实施酷刑的章节。（但描述荷兰人暴行的内容可以保留。）书中不能将郑成功称为“征服者”或“军阀”，他“收复台湾”的行动不能被称为“一场入侵”或一次“攻击”。同样，任何提到台湾土著居民进行了抵抗的内容也必须删除（历史资料清楚地表明，土著人曾奋起反抗，杀死了数千郑成功的士兵。）因为这样的情节会暗示“某种台独意识”。我的大陆出版商说，如果我拒绝作出这样的修改，就无法进行这本书的翻译。我被告知，“删节无法避免”。

Given this legacy, it is little wonder that Chinese military officials should consider naming their new carrier the Shi Lang and not the Zheng Chenggong. Koxinga may have claimed or reclaimed Taiwan, but there is too much disagreement still over who can lay claim to his complicated legacy.

考虑到这种情况，中国的军事官员们可能将这艘新航母命名为“施琅号”而不是“郑成功号”就丝毫没有什么可奇怪的了。国姓爷或许是占领了台湾，或许是收复了台湾，但对于谁有资格继承他留下的这份错综复杂的遗产仍然存有太多的争议。



注释1：郑成功，名森，字明俨，号大木，福建省南安市石井镇人。明天启四年农历7月14日（公元1624年8月27日）诞生于日本长崎县平户千里滨。其父郑芝龙，其母名田川氏（通常认为是日本人）
1630年，郑成功随叔芝燕回国，住晋江安平郑府。郑芝龙延聘名师授业，1638年郑成功入南安县学为廪生，1644年郑成功从家乡来到南京，进入国子监太学，拜名儒钱谦益为师。其时明王朝内忧外患，风雨飘摇，当年3月中旬，李自成率农民起义军攻入北京，崇祯朝灭亡。9月中旬，清王朝定都北京。在击败了李自成的农民军后，次年6月攻克南京，南明弘光政权覆灭，郑成功返回福建。同月，唐王朱聿键在福州被郑芝龙等拥立为帝，建号隆武。帝对郑成功的忠勇十分嘉许，赐他与国同姓，易名“成功”，从此南明官方称为“朱成功”，又称为“国姓爷”。