[转帖] [2012.08.04] They took it with them 汉代瑰宝：伴君入墓

showcraft

http://ecocn.org/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=74765
【导读】一批中国汉代墓葬珍品在英国菲兹威廉博物馆展出，向世界展示了汉代文化

Treasures from the Han dynasty
汉代瑰宝

They took it with them
伴君入墓

The pursuit of immortality yielded some marvellous tombs
中国汉代帝王对于永生的追求催生了一批壮观的陵寝

Aug 4th 2012 | from the print edition


Armed for eternity
全副武装，走向不朽

THE suits of eerily beautiful, head-to-toe armour are made of thousands of small jade plaques. They look astonishingly like precious jewels, each the size and shape of a man (pictured). In a way, that is what they are. Made in the Han dynasty (206BC–220AD), the suits were designed for the bodies of dead kings, to protect them for eternity. Now they are the stars of “The Search for Immortality”, a new exhibition at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. This is the first time they have left China, along with many of the other 350 objects in the show.

图中这种精美绝伦、覆盖全身的玉衣是由数千块玉片所组成的。它们看起来和珍贵的珠宝极其相似，每套玉衣的大小和形状都和人体相符（见图）。某种程度上来说，这些玉衣就是人体。它们制成于中国汉代（公元前206年到公元220年间），用来保护君王的遗体，让他们能够永垂不朽。如今，在剑桥菲兹威廉博物馆举办的新展览“追寻不朽”中①，这些玉衣是最优秀的一批展品。这是它们首次被运离中国，其他350件展品中还有许多是和这些玉衣一起从中国运来的②。

Everything on view came from Han dynasty imperial tombs, which served as palaces for the afterlife and were furnished accordingly. Half of the objects are from the excavated tombs of kings of Chu in the north of China; the other half are from the tomb of the king of Nanyue, a thousand miles to the south. This is the first time these artefacts have been seen together, even by many Chinese scholars. The exhibition’s four rooms offer “the grandest display of Chinese Han tomb treasures to have been seen in the world,” explains Yinde Li, director of the Xuzhou Museum, which loaned many of the objects.

展出的每一件物品都出自汉代王陵。这些陵墓就像宫殿一样，皇族死后安葬于此，而且每座陵墓都按照宫殿的规格加以布置。半数的展品出自中国北方发掘出的楚王墓；另外一半则出自一千英里以南的南越王墓穴。本次展览是这些艺术品首次同时亮相，即使对于许多中国学者来说都是如此③。许多展品借自徐州博物馆。该馆馆长李银德表示，展览的四间展厅让人们得以看到“世上最大的一次中国汉代墓葬瑰宝展览”。

This show is designed to be scholarly, not a blockbuster, with the objects arranged to suggest (not replicate) how various parts of the tombs were used. First come the earthenware soldiers, more than two feet high and some on horseback, as guardians of the tomb entrance. An area indicates a bathroom with bronze washing basins and a stone toilet. Cleanliness remained important, even after death. The second room highlights the pleasures of palace life. Visitors are spared the remains of concubines, horse trainers and chefs sacrificed to serve in perpetuity, as they have not been included in this show. Instead there is a kitchen with cooking pots, wine vessels and glasses, and a case filled with earthenware dancers, the sleeves of their robes swirling in the breeze.

这次展览旨在进行学术研究而并非为了引起轰动。展品的陈设方式让人们了解了陵寝的各个部分是如何利用的（而非对陵寝结构加以复制）。首先映入眼帘的是守护在墓穴入口处的士兵陶俑，它们有两英尺多高，有些骑在马背上。一个表示盥洗室的区域有青铜脸盆和石制马桶。即使是在死后，保持卫生仍然重要。第二间展厅突出了宫廷生活的欢愉。妃嫔、马倌和御厨曾被献祭陪葬以永远侍奉君主，但他们并未于这场展览中展出，因此访客不会看到他们的遗骸。然而人们可以看到，在一间厨房里有锅碗、杯盏，还有装满了陶舞俑的箱子，它们的袍袖似乎在随风飘扬④。

The jade burial suit of the king of Nanyue is the centerpiece of the third room, while that of the second king of Chu is the highlight of the last. Each king is accompanied by treasured ornaments and possessions. The most poetic object in the show is the king of Nanyue’s faceted jade cup, used to collect dew. It was believed that drinking dew would prolong life and help to achieve immortality.

南越王陪葬的玉衣是第三间展厅最主要的展品，而楚王二世的玉衣则是最后一间展厅的亮点。两位君王的陪葬品中都有生前珍爱的装饰品和私人用品。本次展览最富诗意的展品就是南越王身边用来收集雨露的雕琢玉杯。当时人们相信饮用露水可以延年益寿，对长生不老有所裨益。

The king of Chu’s burial suit is shown near a jade-covered lacquer coffin, which offered yet another level of protection from evil spirits. The presence of so much fine jade—varied in colour and cut with such skill that some pieces glitter like diamonds and others look like melting, translucent fat—illustrates why it is more highly prized than even gold in China today. A last reminder of this is the plump, milky jade bear placed near the exit, as if bidding visitors farewell. Some kings kept menageries of exotic wild beasts. This bear, with its oddly endearing face, may have been modelled on a particular favourite. It was used as a weight; it is also a work of art.

在楚王陪葬的玉衣旁边，就是镶玉漆棺。它可以在玉衣之外再提供一层防护，用以辟邪⑤。数目如此众多的优质玉器炫目多彩、切工纯熟，有些玉块像钻石一样闪闪发光，而有些又像晶莹剔透的凝脂。这就说明了为什么在今天的中国这些玉器的价格甚至高于黄金。最后让人们想到这一点的是放置在出口附近那只圆润乳白的玉熊，它似乎在向访客道别。有些君王曾驯养珍禽异兽，而这只玉熊面部极为惹人喜爱，可能是根据某位君王的钟爱之物雕刻而成。它曾被用作镇纸；但它更是一件艺术品⑥。

Timothy Potts, a former archaeologist, became director of the Fitzwilliam in 2008. This exhibition was one of his first projects, in collaboration with James Lin, a Taiwan-born curator at the museum and a specialist in the Han dynasty. It seeks to introduce visitors to ancient Han ideas about immortality and to explain what life was like at the Han courts, which the tomb-palaces mirror. It works exceptionally well. In September, Mr Potts becomes Director of the J. Paul Getty Museum. He leaves the Fitzwilliam on a high note.

Timothy Potts 曾是一位考古学家，后来于2008年担任了菲兹威廉博物馆的馆长。本次展览是他首批计划之一，与生于台湾的馆主任、汉代专家林政升合作推出。展览试图向来访者介绍古汉朝对于永生不朽的理念，并诠释灵宫所反映的汉代宫廷生活。展览取得了圆满成功。九月，Potts 即将就任保罗盖蒂博物馆的馆长。届时，他可以志得意满地离开菲兹威廉博物馆了。

“The Search for Immortality: Tomb Treasures of Han China” is at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, Britain, until November 11th

“追寻不朽：中国汉代墓葬精华”正在英国剑桥菲兹威廉博物馆展出。展览将延续到11月11日。

from the print edition | Books and arts


译者注：

① 菲茨威廉博物馆是 剑桥大学的艺术和考古博物馆，毗邻剑桥大学菲茨威廉学院，位于剑桥市的中部。该馆建于 1816年，是英国第七子爵菲兹威廉的遗赠。年参观人数30万。菲茨威廉博物馆可以免费参观。

②“追寻不朽――中国汉代墓葬精华”展览5日在英国剑桥大学菲茨威廉博物馆正式开幕。展览共推出来自中国徐州博物馆和西汉南越王博物馆的随葬金、银、铜、陶、玉器文物300余件，其中包括精美的丝缕、金缕玉衣。本次展出的许多汉代珍稀文物此前从未在海外展出过。菲茨威廉博物馆策展人林政升博士告诉本报记者，这次精华展前后筹划了3年时间，主要针对海外民众对中国历史、特别是汉代史了解甚少的现状。展览将延续到今年11月11日（来源：《人民日报》）。

③此次展览最大亮点在于将汉朝的墓葬精品和表面对大汉天子俯首称臣、内心百般不服的南越文王墓葬精品进行首次同室合展，通过对比二者，感悟当时“南蛮”和北方“天朝”之间的微妙外交关系。展览分四个展厅，引领参观者回到远古，体会2000年前的中国文化精髓。展览向人们展示了汉王朝墓葬品的布局、汉代陶俑、乐器、玉玺、青铜兵器、金缕玉衣、金、银、铜、玉制文物等，无论从艺术还是美学的角度都具有很高的价值，也是中国古代皇家文物在海外最大规模的展览（来源：中国社会科学报在线）。

④陶舞俑
舞佣身体弯曲度和侧转度各不相同，舞姿亦有变化，展现了汉王室的歌舞宴乐的鲜活景象。其中曲裾衣舞俑身着右衽曳地长袍，上体前倾，左臂自然垂于体侧，右臂高高上举，长长的衣袖如瀑布似的垂落，双腿微微前曲，好似一个舞蹈结束后的施礼动作。而绕襟衣陶舞俑则身着绕襟深衣，身姿娇柔，身体随着舞步的变化呈现出“Ｓ”形。专家表示，以绕襟衣陶舞俑最为珍贵。从舞俑造型看，跳的应是西汉时期盛行的长袖折腰楚舞。舞俑的手臂呈曲尺形，为单独烧制。此类陶舞俑在其他地区未见出土，是了解西汉早期舞蹈造型的重要实物资料。

⑤镶玉漆棺
出土于狮子山楚王陵的玉衣旁边有号称“中国第一棺”的镶玉漆棺。这具复原后的镶玉漆棺实际使用玉片总数达到2095片，镶嵌玉片面积为8.95平方米。玉片多是用新疆马纳斯河流域的碧玉琢磨而成的，由棺体和棺盖两部分组成。从外观和出土情况看，该镶玉漆棺是一具外棺。其内还有一套彩绘漆木棺，彩绘漆木棺内放置金缕玉衣包裹的楚王尸体。如果把金缕玉衣也看作成一副棺材，那么这位楚王使用三套棺材，符合当时礼制关于诸侯王三棺的规定（以上综合摘自国际在线文化频道）。

⑥镇纸 （weight = paper weight）
镇纸，即指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，现今常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。最初的镇纸是不固定形状的。镇纸的起源是由于古代文人时常会把小型的青铜器、玉器放在案头上把玩欣赏，因为它们都有一定的分量，所以人们在玩赏的同时，也会兴手用来压纸或者是压书，久而久之，发展成为一种文房用具——镇纸。