[原创] 大卫·麦库罗《1776》读译

showcraft

http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E3%80%8A1776%E3%80%8B
　　麦库罗为美国最畅销的历史作家之一，两次普利策奖得主，本书亦当为2005年全美销量最大的历史作品。1776乃美利坚合众国诞生之年，这段历史在美国几乎人人耳熟能详，但麦库罗却有本事，以生花妙笔把它重讲一遍，还能博得满堂喝彩。他的风格，虽严格忠于史实，字里行间却惊心动魄，加上对光辉人性的充分开掘，自然受到大众读者的厚爱。


PS：虽说一两年前就知道此书且下载下来了，但我现在还只是跳着看了一点点，觉得写的还是很精彩的。我中英文都一般，但这段历史兴趣还比较浓厚，就凑合着翻一下练手而已，而且我的风格不会很精确，意思差不多就行了，进度也不会快。无论是历史还是语言方面，大家多指正，谢谢了。1776既有文本也有音频资料，需要的朋友可以verycd看看

http://www.verycd.com/topics/67988/
本书通过描述1776年美国独立战争的过程，侧写了美国国父乔治·华盛顿，书评普遍赞扬此书的书写成就，称为至今关于乔治·华盛顿最完善的传记，栩栩刻划出这位历史人物的行事性格与生活样貌。在美国人的心目中，奠定美国独立的关键人物乔治·华盛顿可以说是集各种美德于一身，本书作者 除了历史加诸其上的光环，着重乔治·华盛顿内心的苦痛挣扎，直言无讳地剖析其个人的优缺点，一个才华洋溢、野心勃勃的乔治·华盛顿俨然跃于纸上。《纽约时报书评》 New York Times Book Review 认为作者在书中体现了最佳的写作风格，语辞丰富、叙述流畅、并且深具启发性，藉着乔治·华盛顿的角度重建一页美国革命史诗，还原了围绕在美国独立战争的人事纠葛，不仅描绘出令人耳目一新的乔治·华盛顿，更让人再次省思美国的历史和立国精神。

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Part I
                                     第一章
       
The Siege
                                     围城
       

       
       
        The reflection upon my situation and that of this army produces many an uneasy hour when all around me are wrapped in sleep. Few people know the predicament we are in.
忍看朋辈睡，
我独不得寐，
况味几人晓，
身师两尽危。
       
        —General George Washington
        January 14, 1776
乔治华盛顿将军
1776.1.14

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Chapter One Sovereign Duty
第一回  国王职责

        Contents - Prev / Next


        God save Great George our King,
        Long live our noble King,
        God save the King!
        Send him victorious,
        Happy and glorious,
        Long to reign o’er us;
        God save the King!
        天佑吾主乔治，
        天祚贵体永年，
        天佑吾主！
        捷报频传，
        乐之荣之，
        长守吾园，
        天佑吾主！
       
       
       
       
        ON THE AFTERNOON of Thursday, October 26, 1775, His Royal Majesty George III, King of England, rode in royal splendor from St. James’s Palace to the Palace of Westminster, there to address the opening of Parliament on the increasingly distressing issue of war in America.
        1775年10月26日，星期四的下午，英王乔治三世陛下从圣詹姆斯宫骑行至威斯敏斯特宫，皇家威仪彰然尽显。由于北美战事进一步的恶化，乔治三世将在议会开幕式上发表相关的演说。
        The day was cool, but clear skies and sunshine, a rarity in London, brightened everything, and the royal cavalcade, spruced and polished, shone to perfection. In an age that had given England such rousing patriotic songs as “God Save the King” and “Rule Britannia,” in a nation that adored ritual and gorgeous pageantry, it was a scene hardly to be improved upon.
        天气稍凉，但晴空澄明，这时节伦敦少有的明媚阳光照亮了一切，本就扮饰光鲜的皇家骑兵队也在阳光的点缀下显得英姿飒爽，光彩照人。在这样一个英国人唱着“天佑吾主”、“统治大不列颠”这样激动人心的爱国歌曲的时代，对于这样一个崇拜传统礼仪与壮丽庆典的民族，如此盛况已臻完美。
        An estimated 60,000 people had turned out. They lined the whole route through St. James’s Park. At Westminster people were packed solid, many having stood since morning, hoping for a glimpse of the King or some of the notables of Parliament. So great was the crush that late-comers had difficulty seeing much of anything.
        据估计，60000民众亲临现场。他们的队列在从圣詹姆斯宫开始的整条路线上展开。在目的地从威斯敏斯特宫，人们里三层外三层挤的密不透风。许多人从早上边已站立等待直到此刻，只为一睹国王或议会贵族们的风采，哪怕只是惊鸿一瞥。在现场等待的群众已是如此拥挤，以至于后来者之得徘徊于外无法近前看清什么。
        One of the many Americans then in London, a Massachusetts Loyalist named Samuel Curwen, found the “mob” outside the door to the House of Lords too much to bear and returned to his lodgings. It was his second failed attempt to see the King. The time before, His Majesty had been passing by in a sedan chair near St. James’s, but reading a newspaper so close to his face that only one hand was showing, “the whitest hand my eyes ever beheld with a very large rose diamond ring,” Loyalist Curwen recorded.
        当时在伦敦的许多北美殖民者中有一位名叫塞缪尔，柯温的马萨诸塞州保皇党人，他发现聚在上议院门口外的人群数量是如此之多以至于他别无选择只能回到寓所。这是他第二次试图见到国王而失败。前一次，国王在圣詹姆斯宫附近坐轿行进时他就在边上，但国王读报时脸与报纸贴的太近，只有一只手能看到。“这是我所见过的最白的一只手，而且上面戴着一枚很大的玫瑰花形钻戒。”柯温这样记录到。
        The King’s procession departed St. James’s at two o’clock, proceeding at walking speed. By tradition, two Horse Grenadiers with swords drawn rode in the lead to clear the way, followed by gleaming coaches filled with nobility, then a clattering of Horse Guards, the Yeomen of the Guard in red and gold livery, and a rank of footmen, also in red and gold. Finally came the King in his colossal golden chariot pulled by eight magnificent cream-colored horses (Hanoverian Creams), a single postilion riding the left lead horse, and six footmen at the side.
        国王的仪仗队在下午2点以步行速度离开圣詹姆斯宫。按照惯例，两位手擎佩剑的掷弹骑兵在前开道，随后是闪闪发光的载着亲贵显要的马车队，接着是踏着一阵碎步的骑兵近卫队，着金红相间制服的王室警卫队，以及一队着同样颜色制服的步兵。最后出现的是国王，他坐在由八匹奶色（汉诺威奶油的颜色）骏马所拉的金色巨大马车中。左边最前的一匹马上坐着一名单独掌辔的驭手，马车边上是六名步兵（估计他的意思是一边六名）。
        英国军队的精英：皇家宫廷近卫队骑兵（多图）http://game.ali213.net/viewthrea ... p;extra=&page=1
       
        No mortal on earth rode in such style as their King, the English knew. Twenty-four feet in length and thirteen feet high, the royal coach weighed nearly four tons, enough to make the ground tremble when under way. George III had had it built years before, insisting that it be “superb.” Three gilded cherubs on top—symbols of England, Scotland, and Ireland—held high a gilded crown, while over the heavy spoked wheels, front and back, loomed four gilded sea gods, formidable reminders that Britannia ruled the waves. Allegorical scenes on the door panels celebrated the nation’s heritage, and windows were of sufficient size to provide a full view of the crowned sovereign within.
        英格兰人认为这世上无人能骑行出他们国王这样的排场与范儿（井蛙之见，置十全老人乾隆大帝于何地？和大人就不止这排场了。）。24英尺长，13英尺高，国王所坐的车厢重达4吨，连经过的道路都为之颤抖。乔治三世本着精益求精的准则，数年前就开始制造御用车厢。车厢上方雕有三个分别象征着英格兰，苏格兰与爱尔兰的镀金小天使，他们高举着一顶镀金王冠。而在车厢前后，巨大的轮辐上方则隐现四位镀金海神，标志着不列颠是统治海上的无可争议的霸主。车厢门板上充满喻义的图画颂扬着这个民族的传承，窗子尺寸也足够大，从窗外能一览无余车厢内头戴王冠的国王。
        It was as though the very grandeur, wealth, and weight of the British Empire were rolling past—an empire that by now included Canada, that reached from the seaboard of Massachusetts and Virginia to the Mississippi and beyond, from the Caribbean to the shores of Bengal. London, its population at nearly a million souls, was the largest city in Europe and widely considered the capital of the world.
        车队华丽的行进，好似这同样壮观、富饶、影响力十足的大英帝国的成长——一个目前为止版图囊括从马萨诸塞州与弗吉尼亚的海冰到密西西比流域的加拿大，还远不止这些，从加勒比海到孟加拉海岸的强大帝国。拥有近百万人口的伦敦当时是欧洲最大的城市，并被公认为世界之都。

WIND

craft好！电驴上有影片，你看过吗？

showcraft

wind好。
是这部吗？没看
http://www.douban.com/subject/1292571/
1972年的，与麦库卢没什么关系。
麦库卢编剧的有一部hbo的约翰亚当斯，7集，短小精悍，挺不错的，如果以这部小说为蓝本拍部剧，就更妙了。

WIND

对,我看的就是这部.我搜索过,1776是影视剧广泛采用的一个题材.另外我认为主贴将GOD译为“天”不妥。

WIND

另外想必craft兄也很喜欢看波士顿法律。我收藏的仅有的两部美剧《波士顿法律》和《辛普森一家》。

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6# WIND
恩，译为神好些。水平有限，我也就是翻个大概能通顺。多谢指正，其他地方也不吝赐教。

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7# WIND
恩，波士顿法律我看了好几遍了，最欣赏的还是Alan Shore，亦正亦邪，呵呵

WIND

就人物来说，我也是欣赏他的。不过我主要看的是美国的律师业的一些职业规则，alan是无所谓正邪的，律师哪能作正义，正义是上帝的事；法官也不能，他只是审判的主持人；审判团呢？审判团成员是依据法律的内心的道德，而道德“是上帝的法律”（斯密语）。

WIND

6# WIND  
恩，译为神好些。水平有限，我也就是翻个大概能通顺。多谢指正，其他地方也不吝赐教。
showcraft 发表于 2010-1-9 20:09

讨论而已。希望通过对英语的共同学习，引导我们到恰当的理性之路上去。

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10# WIND
呵呵，我还没到这程度，主要是拿来放松兼听力的。
配合着看任东来的美国宪政历程也不错。

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3# showcraft
rule britannia是英国皇家海军军歌，翻成
统治吧，不列颠尼亚
要好些
有人说文明4中英国领袖的外交背景音乐也是改编于此，反正我是没听出来，下载的话这里
http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=171650152

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GEORGE III had been twenty-two when, in 1760, he succeeded to the throne, and to a remarkable degree he remained a man of simple tastes and few pretensions. He liked plain food and drank but little, and wine only. Defying fashion, he refused to wear a wig. That the palace at St. James’s had become a bit dowdy bothered him not at all. He rather liked it that way. Socially awkward at Court occasions—many found him disappointingly dull—he preferred puttering about his farms at Windsor dressed in farmer’s clothes. And in notable contrast to much of fashionable society and the Court, where mistresses and infidelities were not only an accepted part of life, but often flaunted, the King remained steadfastly faithful to his very plain Queen, the German princess Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom by now he had produced ten children. (Ultimately there would be fifteen.) Gossips claimed Farmer George’s chief pleasures were a leg of mutton and his plain little wife.
1760年继位时，乔治三世年方22，很大程度上依旧保持了之前淡泊素朴的作风。他习惯便餐，仅喝一点葡萄酒，不循规蹈俗，不戴假发。圣詹姆斯宫此刻早已略显拥挤，而他并不在意，相反还对此兴致颇高。在王室社交场合中迂钝的乔治三世显然更钟情于在自己温莎农场中简装闲荡，许多人据此认为他为人呆板乏味的令人失望。在当时无论民间抑或宫中偷情与通奸不但被人接受甚至推崇的奢靡世风强烈对比之下，国王始终不渝的善待自己相貌平平的妻子——德意志梅克伦堡-施特雷利茨的索菲娅•夏洛特公主就显得尤为难能可贵了。他们夫妻两在当时已经养育了10名子女（最终他们共有15名子女）。路边社称农民乔治的主要兴趣在于田园生活与糟糠之妻上（leg of mutton是羊腿袖的意思，不解）。

But this was hardly fair. Nor was he the unattractive, dim-witted man critics claimed then and afterward. Tall and rather handsome, with clear blue eyes and a generally cheerful expression, George III had a genuine love of music and played both the violin and piano. (His favorite composer was Handel, but he adored also the music of Bach and in 1764 had taken tremendous delight in hearing the boy Mozart perform on the organ.) He loved architecture and did quite beautiful architectural drawings of his own. With a good eye for art, he had begun early to assemble his own collection, which by now included works by the contemporary Italian painter Canaletto, as well as watercolors and drawings by such old masters as Poussin and Raphael. He avidly collected books, to the point where he had assembled one of the finest libraries in the world. He adored clocks, ship models, took great interest in things practical, took great interest in astronomy, and founded the Royal Academy of Arts.
当然这些小道口水难称公允，乔治三世并非如评论家当时及后世所言的其貌不扬与迂腐迟钝。实际上，他高大英俊，有着一双清澈的蓝眼睛与一副令人愉悦的表情，他对音乐有着至真至纯的热爱并能演奏小提琴与钢琴。（他最爱的作曲家是汉德尔，也同时推崇巴赫的作品，并且在1764年他还兴致高昂的聆听了还是孩童的莫扎特演奏管风琴。）他还热衷建筑艺术，并能一手画出漂亮的建筑图。由于对艺术有着敏锐的眼光，他很早变开始进行私人收藏，当时他的藏品便已囊括同时期意大利画家卡纳莱托的作品，以及如普桑、拉斐尔这样的早期绘画大师的水彩或油画作品。他狂热的收集书籍，就这方面而言，他拥有了当时世界上最完善的图书馆之一。他喜欢钟表，船模，对一切实用的物件都有不小的兴趣，热衷天文学，并且创建了皇家美术院。


He also had a gift for putting people at their ease. Samuel Johnson, the era’s reigning arbiter of all things of the mind, and no easy judge of men, responded warmly to the “unaffected good nature” of George III. They had met and conversed for the first time when Johnson visited the King’s library, after which Johnson remarked to the librarian, “Sir, they may talk of the King as they will, but he is the finest gentleman I have ever seen.”
另外，他对于擢英才于未显也颇有天赋。塞缪尔，约翰逊，当时文坛之泰斗仲裁，素不轻加臧否于人，也热忱的回应乔治三世，称道其“天然去雕饰”。在一次约翰逊造访国王的图书馆时，两人首次相遇并交谈，之后约翰逊对人如此评价这位图书馆长，“先生，他们尽可以对国王如愿飞短流长，然而我要说他是我见过的最优秀的绅士。”

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Stories that he had been slow to learn, that by age eleven he still could not read, were unfounded. The strange behavior—the so-called “madness” of King George III—for which he would be long remembered, did not come until much later, more than twenty years later, and rather than mental illness, it appears to have been porphyria, a hereditary disease not diagnosed until the twentieth century.
他迟于学习，直到11岁仍然无法阅读的故事无迹可寻。乔治三世深入人心名播后世的奇怪行为，即他的“癫狂”，直到20多年后才被提出。 而且与其说这是一种精神缺陷，它的表现更像是一种直到20世纪才被诊断的遗传性疾病，卟啉病。

Still youthful at thirty-seven, and still hardworking after fifteen years on the throne, he could be notably willful and often shortsighted, but he was sincerely patriotic and everlastingly duty-bound. “George, be a King, ” his mother had told him. As the crisis in America grew worse, and the opposition in Parliament more strident, he saw clearly that he must play the part of the patriot-king.
时年37岁的国王已经稳坐王座，兢兢业业15年，正当壮年，很可能有着明显的任性与短视，但他却有着真挚的爱国情怀与持久的责任心。“乔治，成为一个国王，”他的母亲如是告诉他。随着北美的危机变得越来越糟，议会反对派的声音变得越来越尖锐，他清楚的明白是时候必须站出来扮演爱国国王这个角色了。

He had never been a soldier. He had never been to America, any more than he had set foot in Scotland or Ireland. But with absolute certainty he knew what must be done. He would trust to Providence and his high sense of duty. America must be made to obey.
他从未当过一名士兵，从未去过北美，正如他从未去过苏格兰与爱尔兰。但他有着十足的确信，知道什么是必须要做的。他相信普罗维登斯以及自己的高度责任感。北美必须学会服从。

“I have no doubt but the nation at large sees the conduct in America in its true light,” he had written to his Prime Minister, Lord North, “and I am certain any other conduct but compelling obedience would be ruinous and…therefore no consideration could bring me to swerve from the present path which I think myself in duty-bound to follow.”
“毫无疑问，我认为我们的民族大致上看到了在北美的行动有其本质意义，”他在写给首相诺斯勋爵的信中说道，“而且我也确信除了强制服从外其他任何行动都将是灾难性的。。。因此没有什么因素能诱使我背离我当前责任所系的道路。”

In the House of Lords in March of 1775, when challenged on the chances of Britain ever winning a war in America, Lord Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, had looked incredulous. “Suppose the colonies do abound in men, what does that signify?” he asked. “They are raw, undisciplined, cowardly men.” And Lord Sandwich was by no means alone in that opinion. General James Grant, a member of the House of Commons, had boasted that with 5,000 British regulars he could march from one end of the American continent to the other, a claim that was widely quoted.
在1775年3月的上议院，当被质疑英国究竟能否在北美赢得一场战争的可能性时，英国海军大臣三明治勋爵表现的很狐疑。“假设殖民地多的是人，但那又代表什么？”他问道。“他们是一群没经过训练，毫无纪律，而且胆小怕事的乌合之众。”而在这样的立场上，三明治勋爵显然“吾道不孤”。下议院议员詹姆斯格兰特将军曾如此吹嘘，“给我五千虎贲，看我踏平北美”，而俟后此豪言则广为引用（借用吾土名句比之，即为“明犯强英者,虽远必诛。”）。

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But in striking contrast, several of the most powerful speakers in Parliament, like the flamboyant Lord Mayor of London, John Wilkes, and the leading Whig intellectual, Edmund Burke, had voiced ardent support for and admiration of the Americans. On March 22, in the House of Commons, Burke had delivered in his heavy Irish brogue one of the longest, most brilliant speeches of his career, calling for conciliation with America.
        然而对比强烈的是几位议会的中坚份子，如显赫一时的伦敦市长约翰，威尔克斯，辉格党魁埃德蒙，伯克，都热情洋溢的声援与赞赏亚美利加人。3月22日在下院，伯克用他浓重的爱尔兰口音发飙了他一生中最宏大也是最辉煌的演讲之一——与亚美利加的妥协。
        Yet for all that, no one in either house, Tory or Whig, denied the supremacy of Parliament in determining what was best for America. Even Edmund Burke in his celebrated speech had referred repeatedly to “our” colonies.
        尽管如此，无论上院下院，无论托利辉格，没有人否认议会在决定美洲命运中的至高权力。即便伯克本人在他享有盛名的演说中也再三提到“我们的”殖民地。
        Convinced that his army at Boston was insufficient, the King had dispatched reinforcements and three of his best major generals: William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. Howe, a member of Parliament and a Whig, had earlier told his Nottingham constituents that if it came to war in America and he were offered a command, he would decline. But now duty called. “I was ordered, and could not refuse, without incurring the odious name of backwardness, to serve my country in distress,” he explained. Howe, who had served in America during the Seven Years’ War—or the French and Indian War, as it was known in America—was convinced the “insurgents” were few in number in comparison to those loyal to the Crown.
        国王现在确信他在波士顿的驻军人数远远不够，因而他抽调了援军，征招了三员最好的大将：威廉豪，约翰伯格因，以及亨利克林顿。身为议员与辉哥党人的豪将军早就告知他在诺丁汉的选民，如果美洲爆发战事且自己被委以军权，他会谢绝不就。然而重任在肩的他现在如此解释：“我被征召，不能拒绝出征以救祖国于水火，遑论舍此一途个人还将蒙上畏缩误国的恶名”。这位在七年战争——即亚美利加人所称呼的法印战争中驰骋北美的将军深信与保皇党人相比，殖民地的叛乱者在人数上微乎其微。
        War had come on April 19, with the first blood shed at Lexington and Concord near Boston, then savagely on June 17 at Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill. (The June engagement was commonly known as the Battle of Bunker Hill on both sides of the Atlantic.) British troops remained under siege at Boston and were running short of food and supplies. On July 3, General George Washington of Virginia had taken command of the American “rabble.”
4月19日，随着双方冲突的第一滴血在波士顿附近的莱克星顿与康科德洒下，战争终于爆发了。随后在6月17日战火蔓延到了布里德山与邦克山。（六月的战事被大西洋两岸公认统称为邦克山战役。）英军依旧在波士顿陷入重围，而且粮食补给捉襟见肘。在7月3日，维吉尼亚的华盛顿将军掌握了这群北美“暴民”武装的指挥权。

WIND

14# showcraft
Gossips claimed Farmer George’s chief pleasures were a leg of mutton and his plain little wife.
闲聊的人声称庄园主乔治的主要乐趣就是一条烤羊腿和他平平常常的小妻子。

WIND

15# showcraft
He had never been a soldier. He had never been to America, any morethan he had set foot in Scotland or Ireland. But with absolutecertainty he knew what must be done. He would trust to Providence andhis high sense of duty. America must be made to obey.
他从未当过一名士兵，从未去过北美，正如他从未去过苏格兰与爱尔兰。但他有着十足的确信，知道什么是必须要做的。他相信普罗维登斯以及自己的高度责任感。北美必须学会服从。
===================================
他从未做过士兵。他从未去过北美，他从未踏出过苏格兰或爱尔兰。但是他确信他应当做什么。他相信上帝（Providence）和他那高尚的责任感。北美必须服从。

WIND

16# showcraft
General George Washington of Virginia had taken command of the American “rabble.”
=====================================
乔治·华盛顿将军接受了这群北美“乌合之众”的指挥权。

showcraft

18# WIND
谢谢wind兄，Providence确实慌腔走板的厉害了，呵呵。不过乔治二世应该一生都呆在英格兰，从未去过爱尔兰与苏格兰，句子是通的，你再看看？

WIND

20# showcraft
He had never been to America, any more than he had set foot in Scotland or Ireland.
这句话确实有问题。应该说是他从未走到苏格兰和爱尔兰之外的地方，当然他的王室是在英格兰。他是德国人的后裔，但是他从未去过德国。埃德蒙·伯克说对北美的战争是一个德国后裔的国王雇用德国的乡巴佬，说的就是他。

showcraft

21# WIND
我的理解是他连苏格兰，爱尔兰也没去过。
乔治一世的父亲是德国人，但到乔治三世，应该是地道的英国人了，至于雇佣德国人，应该是指黑森雇佣兵吧。

WIND

21# WIND  
我的理解是他连苏格兰，爱尔兰也没去过。
乔治一世的父亲是德国人，但到乔治三世，应该是地道的英国人了，至于雇佣德国人，应该是指黑森雇佣兵吧。
showcraft 发表于 2010-3-10 19:54

这句话确实怪怪的.你的意思是他一生都未走出过英格兰?也许要找另外的资料确认这件事了.英国的绝大部分国王都有自制的能力,乔治三世其实也很受英国人拥戴的.

WIND

当时北美闹独立,乔治三世把大家召集起来,问:要不要打北美?有人说:给我五千正规军,我从北到南一路踏平,以后他们就老老实实了.在这样的诱惑面前,任何一个国王都不可听取伯克那样的建议的.可是一旦战争开始,五千打完了,马上终止哪有这么头脑简单的事?英美打了八年,最后签订了一个两国条约.从此再也没有打过.

showcraft

23# WIND
恩，我理解如此，而且从字面上看也是这样。
爱尔兰从来和英格兰关系紧张，乔治三世不去是正常的，当然其他资料没找到，但是他作为国王，如果没有突发事件，一辈子老死伦敦及附近区域，也很正常。

showcraft

伯克是智者，眼光独到。类似的有托马斯·潘恩，他的《常识》同样盛名卓著，影响深远，恐怕更甚于伯克。

showcraft

23# WIND
乔治三世作为国王是挺称职的，至少比同时代天朝的乾隆出色很多，收到拥戴理所当然，其实在北美乔治三世的人气也颇高，保皇党在美国建国后几十年都有人为英国国王祈祷。

WIND

23# WIND  
恩，我理解如此，而且从字面上看也是这样。
爱尔兰从来和英格兰关系紧张，乔治三世不去是正常的，当然其他资料没找到，但是他作为国王，如果没有突发事件，一辈子老死伦敦及附近区域，也很正常。
showcraft 发表于 2010-3-10 21:26

你的解释有道理.其实英国也是一个联邦形式,更正式的称谓叫联合王国(united kingdom).是不是你的英语原文有问题？

WIND

伯克是智者，眼光独到。类似的有托马斯·潘恩，他的《常识》同样盛名卓著，影响深远，恐怕更甚于伯克。
showcraft 发表于 2010-3-10 21:29

你对伯克和潘恩可能不太了解。潘恩看不出北美独立和法国大革命的差别，但是伯克分得很清楚，他的《法国大革命的反思》便批驳了潘恩。

WIND

27# showcraft
唉，不要拿这些垃圾比了。乾隆插洞洞是一种日常的活动，乔治三世可是性道德的完美人物。